The Articles and the Constitution Chapter 5 U.S. History to 1877

Chapter 5 5.1 The Critical Period 5.2 The Constitutional Convention 5.3 The Constitution 5.4 The Ratification Process

5.1 The Critical Period State Relations after the War The Articles of Confederation Push for a Stronger Government Shays’ Rebellion

Alabama Course of Study Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution. Describe the political system of the United States. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

State Relations after the War Americans were more loyal to their states than their nation. The United States was a confederation: “an alliance of separate governments that work together.” The Articles of Confederation

State Relations After the War State governments had more power than the national government. Individual states created their own constitutions. “A constitution is a plan of government that describes the different parts of the government and their duties and powers.”

The Articles of Confederation The Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in November 1777. Ratification was delayed until 1781. All states except Maryland ratified the Articles by early 1779. Maryland waited because of a dispute over ownership of western land. Maryland wanted states with large claims to the West to cede them to the national government. Virginia was the last big state to give up its claims in January 1781. Maryland ratified the Articles soon afterward.

The Articles of Confederation The time period from 1781 to 1789 is called “The Critical Period.” The Articles of Confederation established a weak, national government. Characteristics Unicameral (One-house) legislature (one vote per state) No federal court system No executive branch

The Articles of Confederation Strengths of the Articles Congress had control over foreign affairs. (It negotiated the Treaty of Paris 1783.) It laid the foundation for future westward expansion.

The Articles of Confederation Weaknesses of the Articles Congress had no power to tax. Congress had no power to regulate trade between states or between states and foreign powers. Congress and the states issued money with no sense of uniformity. The Articles required unanimous approval by the states to amend the Articles.

The Push for a Stronger Government The national government could not solve the economic problems. The national and the state governments struggled to pay off their war debts. The economy went into a depression after the Revolution. Nationalists were people who supported a stronger national government. They wanted to bring order back to the states.

The Push for a Stronger Government Most Americans wanted a democracy: “a government by the people.” The Congress established a republic: “a government run by the people through their elected representatives.”

Monarchy vs. Republic

The Push for a Stronger National Government In 1786, Nationalists held the Annapolis Convention in Annapolis, Maryland, to discuss economic problems. Little was accomplished at the Annapolis Convention. They called for another convention to meet in Philadelphia in 1787. Independence Hall

Shays’ Rebellion Causes of Shays’ Rebellion Massachusetts passed heavy taxes to help pay off its war debt. This tax had to be paid in specie rather than paper money. Specie is a gold or silver coin. Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to rebel against these taxes This revolt became known as Shays’ Rebellion. Shay’s Rebellion

Shay’s Rebellion Effects of Shays’ Rebellion Congress had no money to raise troops to stop the rebellion. It could not get the money because it had no power to tax. Massachusetts raised its own army to stop the rebellion. It showed many Americans that a stronger national government was needed. Shay’s Rebellion

5.2 The Constitutional Convention

5.2 The Constitutional Convention The Convention The Compromises The Content

Alabama Course of Study Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution. Describe the political system of the United States. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

The Convention 12 states were represented at the Constitutional Convention in May 1787. Rhode Island did not send delegates. They met in Philadelphia to revise the weaknesses of the Articles. Instead of revising the Articles, they created the United States Constitution. They were not authorized to replace the Articles.

The Convention James Madison of Virginia was delegate at the Constitutional Convention. He kept the best records of what happened at the convention. He became known as “the father of the Constitution.” The Convention’s first action was to elect George Washington as the president of the Convention. James Madison

Washington resigning his commission as commander-in-chief after the war

The Compromises Two plans were proposed: the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan (Large-state plan) was proposed by Edmund Randolph. called for bicameral, or two-house, national legislature. based representation in both houses on population. Edmund Randolph

The Compromises The New Jersey Plan (Small-state plan) was proposed by William Patterson. called for a unicameral legislature. called for equal representation among the states. William Patterson

The Compromises The Great Compromise Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise which created a bicameral legislature. The Senate would have equal representation among the states. The House of Representatives would be based on each state’s population. Roger Sherman

The compromises The Three-Fifths Compromise This debate was between the North and the South. The South wanted slaves to be counted in the population in order to have more representatives in the House. The North did not want the slaves to be counted. They compromised by agreeing to count 3 slaves out of every 5.

The Compromises The Slave Trade Southern states feared Congress might try to stop the importation of slaves. Many Northern states supported stopping the slave trade. Southern states would not have ratified the Constitution if the slave trade was abolished. They compromised by agreeing that Congress could not abolish slave importation for 20 years. The convention approved the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787.

The Content Preamble The Preamble outlines the goals of the Constitution. form a more perfect Union establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility provide for the common defense promote the general Welfare secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity,

The Content Federalism This divides the powers of government between 2 levels of government. The idea of federalism is found in the 10th amendment. It states that powers not granted to the national government belong to the states. Powers that are specifically mentioned in the Constitution are called delegated powers. Powers that are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution belong to the states and are called reserved powers. Powers that are shared between the national and state governments are called concurrent powers.

The Content Separation of Powers The Constitution established three separate branches of government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch consists of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate). It is responsible for making laws. The executive branch consists of the president and the vice president. It is responsible for carrying out, or enforcing, the laws. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and other federal courts and is responsible for interpreting the laws.

The COntent Checks and balances This system prevents the misuse of power by any one branch. Examples: Congress may pass bills but the president may veto them, and Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. The President makes treaties with foreign nations, but they must be ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. The Supreme Court may declare laws unconstitutional, but Congress may amend the Constitution.

5.3 The Constitution

Alabama Course of Study Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution. Describe the political system of the United States. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

5.3 The Constitution Preamble Article I: The Legislative Branch Qualifications for House/ Senate Differences between House/Senate “Elastic Clause” Section 8, Clause 18

The COnstitution Article II: The Executive Branch Constitutional Requirements natural born citizen at least 35 years old resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years before taking office Powers and Duties Command of military Appointing some federal officials Foreign Policy Enforcement of the Law Lawmaking agenda

The COnstitution Article III: Judicial Branch Article IV: National/ State Relations and Obligations Article V: Methods of Amendment Article VI: Supremacy of the Constitution as law Article VII: Process of Ratifying the Constitution

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length Minimum Age Citizenship Residency Representation

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years Minimum Age Citizenship Residency Representation

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years Minimum Age 25 years Citizenship Residency Representation

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years Minimum Age 25 years Citizenship 7 years Residency Representation

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years Minimum Age 25 years Citizenship 7 years Residency In the district of State Represented Representation

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years Minimum Age 25 years Citizenship 7 years Residency In district of State Represented Representation Based on Population

Article I, Section 2: The House of Representatives Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length Minimum Age Citizenship Residency Representation

Article I, Section 3: The Senate Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years 6 years Minimum Age 25 years Citizenship 7 years Residency In District of State Represented Representation Based on Population

Article I, Section 3: The Senate Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years 6 years Minimum Age 25 years 30 years Citizenship 7 years Residency In District of State Represented Representation Based on Population

Article I, Section 3: The Senate Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years 6 years Minimum Age 25 years 30 years Citizenship 7 years 9 years Residency In District of State Represented Representation Based on Population

Article I, Section 3: The Senate Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years 6 years Minimum Age 25 years 30 years Citizenship 7 years 9 years Residency In District of State Represented In State Represented Representation Based on Population

Article I, Section 3: The Senate Qualifications House of Representatives Senate Single Term Length 2 years 6 years Minimum Age 25 years 30 years Citizenship 7 years 9 years Residency In District of State Represented In State Represented Representation Based on Population 2 Per State

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members Term Debate Prestige Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Debate Prestige Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Debate Prestige Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Prestige Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Limited Prestige Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Limited Extended Prestige Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Limited Extended Prestige Less Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Limited Extended Prestige Less More Cooperation

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Limited Extended Prestige Less More Cooperation More Partisan

Differences between the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Size 435 voting members 100 members Term Two- year term Six-year Term Debate Limited Extended Prestige Less More Cooperation More Partisan More Bipartisan

Different Powers of the House and Senate House of Representatives Senate Impeach Convict impeached officials Originate Appropriation bills (Article I, Section 7) Approve presidential appointments Approve treaties

5.4 The Ratification Process Federalists Anti-Federalists Bill of Rights

Alabama Course of Study Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution. Describe the political system of the United States. Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

Ratification 9 states had to ratify the Constitution for it to become the supreme law of the land. Each state called special conventions to ratify or reject the Constitution. Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution.

Federalists People who favored the Constitution were called Federalists. George Washington, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton all supported the Constitution. George Washington James Madison Alexander Hamilton

Federalists The Federalists wrote a series of 85 essays known as The Federalist, or the Federalist papers, to gain support for the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote the Federalist papers. Alexander Hamilton James Madison John Jay

Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists opposed the Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed the Constitution weakened state governments and the rights of individuals. The anti-Federalists included John Hancock, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. John Hancock Patrick Henry Richard Henry Lee

Anti-Federalists The Federalists feared the ignorant masses more than big government. The anti-Federalists feared big government more than the general population.

Bill of Rights James Madison Virginia and New York agreed to support the Constitution if a bill of rights was added. In September 1789, James Madison helped draft 12 constitutional amendments. They were designed to guarantee individual rights. 10 of the amendments were ratified by the states. The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights James Madison