On whiteboard What did you remember from the study of work of Ramadan’s work on jihad?

Jihad Purpose of lesson A thorough study of Jihad in the work of the scholar Majid Khadduri (Extract 3 in anthology)

We will Read the anthology thoroughly, Majid Khadduri (p.216- 226) Discuss each piece of text that contains the same point on Jihad Write a summarised-topic sentence about the piece of text in each box Note any evidence from the Qur’an or hadith to include in your essays. Find out the significance of jihad; - in general, - of lesser and greater jihad - significance and any difference in understanding and practice between Ramadan and Khadduri You may include these significant points in the appropriate boxes or note down around the margin

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Homework Complete the task; of reading the extract in anthology and filling in the table Take glossary sheet with you

Extract 3 M. Khadduri‘The Doctrine of Jihad’ (1955) The meaning of Jihad P1. Exertion of one’s power in Allah’s path, that is the spread of the belief in Allah and making His word supreme over the world. P2. Persuasion of the word of God by propaganda or by the sword. In Makkan part of life, Muhammad just warned people against idolatry and in Madinian revelations jihad is expressed as words war and fighting. P3. Four ways to fulfil jihad obligation: (1) By heart- combating the devil and in the attempt to escape his persuasion to evil. (2 &3) By tongue – supporting the right and correcting the wrong. (4) equivalent to war and fighting the unbelievers.

The Jihad as bellum Justum P1. war should be waged for justifiable reasons in accordance with the tenets of religion or the values of a certain society. P2. In Islam the religion provides sanctions for the law. So jihad is a sanction against the polytheism. P3. Jihad is the establishment of the supremacy of God and it should be enforced by the state. It is binding on the Muslims as a collective group, not individually. 3a. All believers need not to fulfil the duty, some prepare food, weapons while crippled, blind, women and children won’t qualify as fighters. 3b. The head of state can in a more effective way serve the common interest of the community

The Jihad as Permanent War P1. Tribal wars existed among Arabs before Islam in the form of raids for robbery or vendetta. P2. Islam outlawed all forms of In tribal warfare except the jihad, that is, the war in the path of Allah and for the survival of the Islamic state, to the outside world. P3. Jihad is not only the phenomenon of violence, other factors contributed also: a) The economic changes created unrest leading Arabs to seek more fertile lands outside Arabia. b) Muslims politico-religious mission and their attitude to appear as conquering nation. P4. Judaism is a non-missionary religion, a holy war is permitted for the defence of their religion. Christianity keeps the Church and state apart. Islam combined dualism of a universal religion and universal state. It chose the peaceful and violent means to achieve the ultimate objective. P5. Dhimmis are protected in a Muslim state keeping their faith and submitting to the rules of the state. The process of warfare should have been continued psychological and political if not strictly military. Dar al Islam- a country where Muslims can practice their religion as the ruling sect. Dar al harb- where Muslims are not protected and free to practice Islam.

The Jihad as Permanent War P6. Jihad does not mean a permanent fighting it is a preparation for the defensive and offensive purposes, only the caliph can decide. P7. Jihad in terms of permanent war can be suspended for a certain period of time. The Imam may revive it at any time. P8. In 10th century CE: The shift from active jihad to dormant war is a change from the warlike to a civilised nation and an intellectual and philosophical revival of Islam. It was a process of evolution dictated by Islam’s interests and social conditions. and

The Shi’i and Khariji doctrine of Jihad P1. The doctrine of the allegiance to the Imam is significant in Shi’i legal theory. Failure to obey Imam makes liable for punishment by a jihad equally the failure of a non-Muslim to believe in Allah justify waging a jihad. P2. Fulfilling the obligation of jihad is criteria for the best candidate of Imamate. The Imam would come to terms with enemy to seek the support of non-Muslims in order to risk defeat by enemy or if the enemy is too powerful at least twice as the Muslims. P3. Only an Imam is capable to fulfil the jihad obligation, it is thought impossible to combat evil during the absence of the imam. Sunni doctrine requires the revival of jihad when Muslim power is regained. Shi’a doctrine would be dependent on the return of the imam from his absence, the capacity of Mahdi who will triumphantly combat evil and re-establish justice and righteousness.

The Shi’i and Khariji doctrine of Jihad P4. kharijis maintain that the jihad is a fundamental article of the faith which could not be abandoned or relaxed. - Jihad is a sixth pillar of faith binding individually on every believer and on the community as a whole. - They argue that Prophet Muhammad spent all life in war, all true believers must do so. - The conception of state was that of a garrison state; an ever ready community, led by its imam to wage war on the enemies of faith. If Imam does not do so it is necessary on each believer to fulfil by himself. P5. Kharijis support violence rather than the Sunni doctrine of ‘strife or religious propaganda. Their view is based on the hadith; “My fate is under the shadow of my spear.” (Bukhari) P6. Kharijis fierce and brutal element in war come from the desert tribal life e.g. killing women and children. They enforce 2allah gave Prophet Muhammad four swords against : 1) Polytheists, 2) Apostates, (Abu Bakr fought) 3) People of the book, (Umar fought) 4) Dissenters (Ali fought).

CHAPTER VI TYPES OF JIHAD

The categories of Jihad 1 Polytheists [unbelievers] 2 Apostasy [al-ridda] 3 Dissention [al-baghi] 4 Deserters and highway robbers 5 Secession [al-muharibun] 6 Safeguarding of frontiers [al-ribat] 7 The Scripturaries [The people of Book]

The Jihad against Polytheists What does a polytheist mean? No compromise, accept Islam or fight “Fight the polytheists where ever ye may find them” (Q.9:5) “Fight those who are near to you of the polytheists, and let them find in you sternness” (Q9: 124) “I am ordered to fight the polytheists until they say: there is no god but Allah”. (hadith)

The jihad against apostasy

The jihad against Baghi

The Jihad against deserters and highway robbers

The jihad against Scripturaries

The Ribat