The Colonies Become New Nations A look at the impact imperialism had on the world: The Colonies Become New Nations Unit 8 - The Cold War and Decolonization

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 1. India (GB) - 1947 India was divided into separate nations — India was mostly Hindu and Pakistan was mostly Muslim. Conflict and violence erupted as people had to relocate based on religious beliefs.

2. Pakistan and Bangladesh (GB) INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 2. Pakistan and Bangladesh (GB) Pakistan began as a divided nation. In 1971, E. Pakistan declared itself an independent nation, Bangladesh. Civil war erupted between Pakistan and Bangladesh. Pakistan eventually surrendered.

3. Sri Lanka (GB) - 1948 Sri Lanka was formerly Ceylon. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 3. Sri Lanka (GB) - 1948 Sri Lanka was formerly Ceylon. Ongoing fighting has occurred between the Sinhalese, who are Buddhists, and Tamils, who are Hindu.

SOUTHEAST ASIA 1. The Philippines (US) - 1946 The Philippine gov’t was still almost completely dependent on the US after WWII. Due to a harsh ruler who was president for 20 years, presidents are limited to one six-year term.

2. Burma (GB) - 1948 Burma was renamed Myanmar in 1989. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2. Burma (GB) - 1948 Burma was renamed Myanmar in 1989. It has had ongoing conflicts between military gov’ts and pro-democracy activists.

3. Malaysia and Singapore (GB) SOUTHEAST ASIA 3. Malaysia and Singapore (GB) The Federation of Malaya was created in 1957, connecting two regions on the Malay Peninsula and northern Borneo. In 1965, Singapore became an independent city-state. Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah became known as Malaysia.

SOUTHEAST ASIA 4. Indonesia (Dutch) - 1949 Indonesia faced political instability, corruption, economic challenges, and some religious intolerance in the decades following its independence.

AFRICA 1. Ghana (GB) - 1957 After gaining independence, Ghana shifted back and forth between civilian and military rule and had economic instability. In 2000, it had its first open elections.

AFRICA 2. Kenya (GB) - 1963 Kenya’s fight for independence resulted in more than 10,000 African deaths. A corrupt gov’t and ethnic conflicts killed many and left others homeless. Kenya had free elections in 2002.

AFRICA 3. Algeria (France) Religious fundamentalists in Algeria wanted to make the newly independent country an Islamic state. Civil wars between Islamic militants and the Algerian gov’t have been ongoing.

AFRICA 4. Congo (Belgium) - 1960 A civil war brought Mobutu to power. He renamed the country Zaire. Rebel leader Kabila took over during a civil war. The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo. Yet another civil war led to Kabila’s assassination. Rebel forces agreed to a cease-fire in 2002.

AFRICA 5. Angola (Portugal) - 1975 Angola also faced civil war for decades between two groups, the Communist-leaning MPLA and the US and South Africa supported UNITA. The civil war ended in 2002.

6. Rwanda (Belgium) - 1962 AFRICA Ethnic violence erupted between the Hutus and Tutsis for decades. In 1994 alone, Hutus massacred up to 500,000 Tutsis. A total of ~1 million Tutsis were slaughtered by the time the genocide ended. The UN punished those responsible for the genocide.