Molecular Genetics Section 1: DNA: The Genetic Material Section 2: Replication of DNA Section 3: DNA, RNA, and Protein Section 4: Gene Regulation and Mutation

Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Griffith Performed the first major experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material

Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Avery Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells.

Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Hershey and Chase Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses

X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material X-ray Diffraction X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA Rosalind Franklin took the famous Photo 51 which helped scientists Watson and Crick describe the double helix

two outside strands consist of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Watson and Crick Built a model of the double helix that conformed to the others’ research two outside strands consist of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other by three hydrogen bonds thymine and adenine bases pair to each other by two hydrogen bonds

DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder. Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material DNA Structure DNA often is compared to a twisted ladder. Rails of the ladder are represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate. The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

DNA: The Genetic Material Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material DNA Structure Nucleotides Consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Chargaff Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A Why was this data significant?

DNA: The Genetic Material Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Orientation The number refers to numbers assigned to five carbon sugar -see blue numbers On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′. 5 prime end has phosphate group The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′. 3 prime end has OH sugar group (Antiparallel)

Antiparallel Example

Length of DNA Describe in base pairs (bp) DNA makes up chromosomes Length of human chromosome ranges from 51 million to 245 million bp A strand with 140 million bp would be approximately 5 cm long-how does it fit into the tiny nucleus?

DNA: The Genetic Material Section 1 Molecular Genetics DNA: The Genetic Material Chromosome Structure DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes, which coil to form chromatin fibers. The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.

Videoclip: Amoeba Sisters-Structure and Function of DNA

Lab Activity: Candy DNA-part I (save model for part 2) Watch video: Amoeba Sisters DNA Replication

Semiconservative Replication Section 2 Molecular Genetics Replication of DNA Semiconservative Replication Parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA. *Replication occurs in 3 stages: unwinding, base pairing and joining

Section 2 Molecular Genetics Replication of DNA Unwinding DNA helicase, an enzyme, is responsible for unwinding and unzipping the double helix. RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.

Section 2 Molecular Genetics Replication of DNA Base pairing DNA polymerase continues adding appropriate nucleotides to the chain by adding to the 3′ end of the new DNA strand.

Section 2 Molecular Genetics Replication of DNA One strand is called the leading strand and is elongated as the DNA unwinds. The other strand of DNA, called the lagging strand, elongates away from the replication fork. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously into small segments, called Okazaki fragments.

DNA ligase links the two sections. Molecular Genetics Replication of DNA Joining DNA polymerase removes the RNA primer and fills in the place with DNA nucleotides. DNA ligase links the two sections.

Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Section 2 Molecular Genetics Replication of DNA Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated. In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication.

Chap. 12-Section 4 Transcription and Translation DNA has the information/instructions to help cells perform their functions DNA cannot leave the nucleus-needs a process to get information out to cell-RNA is crucial to this process

Comparing DNA and RNA Watch Amoeba Sisters: RNA, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo-zX1k8M Using your book and the video, create a Venn Diagram comparing DNA and RNA

Comparing DNA and RNA DNA Both RNA In nucleus Double strand Deoxyribose (sugar A, T, C, G Long strand Self replicating Both Nucleic acids 4 bases RNA In nucleus and cytoplasm Single strand Ribose (sugar) A, U, C, G Short strand Made from DNA as needed 3 Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Central Dogma of Biology Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein Central Dogma of Biology *DNA codes for RNA which guides the synthesis of proteins RNA Contains the sugar ribose and the base uracil instead of thymine Usually is single stranded

Form complementary strand to DNA and carry code outside of nucleus Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein Messenger RNA (mRNA) Form complementary strand to DNA and carry code outside of nucleus Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome

Transcription Steps Simplified Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein Transcription Steps Simplified DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. Steps: DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA polymerase binds to a specific section where mRNA will be synthesized mRNA strand created-DNA zips up mRNA strand modified-introns removed Modified mRNA strand-exon-leaves nucleus through a pore .

Intervening sequences are called introns. Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein RNA Processing The code on the DNA is interrupted periodically by sequences that are not in the final mRNA. Intervening sequences are called introns. Remaining pieces of mRNA that serve as the coding sequences are called exons. DNA and Genes

The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon. Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein The Code Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that the DNA code was a three-base code. The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon.

Translation Steps Simplified mRNA attaches to the ribosome (2 parts) Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein Translation Steps Simplified mRNA attaches to the ribosome (2 parts) tRNA carries an amino acid to ribosome tRNA lines up on ribosome using codon/anticodon sequence Leaves amino acid behind to form polypeptide bonds Long chains of amino acids make protein

Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein

Section 3 Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA, and Protein One Gene—One Enzyme The Beadle and Tatum experiment showed that one gene codes for one enzyme. We now know that one gene codes for one polypeptide.

Prokaryote Gene Regulation Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Prokaryote Gene Regulation Ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment An operon is a section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway. Operator Promoter Regulatory gene Genes coding for proteins

The Trp Operon Gene Regulation and Mutation Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation The Trp Operon

The Lac Operon Gene Regulation and Mutation Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation The Lac Operon Lac-Trp Operon

Eukaryote Gene Regulation Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Eukaryote Gene Regulation Controlling transcription Transcription factors ensure that a gene is used at the right time and that proteins are made in the right amounts The complex structure of eukaryotic DNA also regulates transcription.

Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Hox Genes Hox genes are responsible for the general body pattern of most animals.

RNA interference can stop the mRNA from translating its message. Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation RNA Interference RNA interference can stop the mRNA from translating its message.

Mutations-gene and chromosomal Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Mutations-gene and chromosomal A permanent change that occurs in a cell’s DNA is called a mutation. Types of mutations Point mutation (substitution) Insertion Deletion

Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Body-cell v. Sex-cell Mutation Somatic cell mutations are not passed on to the next generation. Mutations that occur in sex cells are passed on to the organism’s offspring and will be present in every cell of the offspring.

Chromosomal Mutations Duplications Deletions Inversions Translocation

Gene Regulation and Mutation Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation

Protein Folding and Stability Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Protein Folding and Stability Substitutions also can lead to genetic disorders. Can change both the folding and stability of the protein

Can occur spontaneously Section 4 Molecular Genetics Gene Regulation and Mutation Causes of Mutation Can occur spontaneously Chemicals and radiation also can damage DNA. High-energy forms of radiation, such as X rays and gamma rays, are highly mutagenic.

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Molecular Genetics Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

Which scientist(s) definitively proved Chapter Molecular Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which scientist(s) definitively proved that DNA transfers genetic material? Watson and Crick Mendel Hershey and Chase Avery A B C D CDQ 1

Name the small segments of the lagging DNA strand. Chapter Molecular Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the small segments of the lagging DNA strand. ligase Okazaki fragments micro RNA helicase A B C D CDQ 2

Which is not true of RNA? It contains the sugar ribose. Chapter Molecular Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not true of RNA? It contains the sugar ribose. It contains the base uracil. It is single-stranded. It contains a phosphate. A B C D CDQ 3

The experiments of Avery, Hershey and Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 1 Formative Questions The experiments of Avery, Hershey and Chase provided evidence that the carrier of genetic information is _______. carbohydrate DNA lipid protein A B C D FQ 1

What is the base-pairing rule for purines Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 1 Formative Questions What is the base-pairing rule for purines and pyrimidines in the DNA molecule? A—G and C—T A—T and C—G C—A and G—T C—U and A—G A B C D FQ 2

What are chromosomes composed of? Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 1 Formative Questions What are chromosomes composed of? chromatin and histones DNA and protein DNA and lipids protein and centromeres A B C D FQ 3

The work of Watson and Crick solved the mystery of how DNA works as a Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 2 Formative Questions The work of Watson and Crick solved the mystery of how DNA works as a genetic code. True False A B FQ 4

Which is not an enzyme involved in DNA replication? Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 2 Formative Questions Which is not an enzyme involved in DNA replication? DNA ligase DNA polymerase hilicase RNA primer A B C D FQ 5

Which shows the basic chain of events Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 3 Formative Questions Which shows the basic chain of events in all organisms for reading and expressing genes? DNA  RNA  protein RNA  DNA  protein mRNA  rRNA  tRNA RNA processing  transcription  translation A B C D FQ 6

In the RNA molecule, uracil replaces _______. Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 3 Formative Questions In the RNA molecule, uracil replaces _______. adenine cytosine purine thymine A B C D FQ 7

Which diagram shows messenger RNA (mRNA)? Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 3 Formative Questions Which diagram shows messenger RNA (mRNA)? A. C. B. D. A B C D FQ 8

Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 3 Formative Questions What characteristic of the mRNA molecule do scientists not yet understand? intervening sequences in the mRNA molecule called introns the original mRNA made in the nucleus called the pre-mRNA how the sequence of bases in the mRNA molecule codes for amino acids the function of many adenine nucleotides at the 5′ end called the poly-A tail A B C D FQ 9

Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 4 Formative Questions Why do eukaryotic cells need a complex control system to regulate the expression of genes? All of an organism’s cells transcribe the same genes. Expression of incorrect genes can lead to mutations. Certain genes are expressed more frequently than others are. Different genes are expressed at different times in an organism’s lifetime. A B C D FQ 10

Which type of gene causes cells to become specialized in structure in Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 4 Formative Questions Which type of gene causes cells to become specialized in structure in function? exon Hox gene intron operon A B C D FQ 11

What is an immediate result of a mutation in a gene? Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 4 Formative Questions What is an immediate result of a mutation in a gene? cancer genetic disorder nonfunctional enzyme amino acid deficiency A B C D FQ 12

Which is the most highly mutagenic? Chapter Molecular Genetics Section 4 Formative Questions Which is the most highly mutagenic? chemicals in food cigarette smoke ultraviolet radiation X rays A B C D FQ 13

chromatin fibers chromosomes histones nucleosome Chapter Molecular Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the following figure. Identify the proteins that DNA first coils around. chromatin fibers chromosomes histones nucleosome A B C D CAQ 1

Explain how Hox genes affect an organism. Chapter Molecular Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions Explain how Hox genes affect an organism. They determine size. They determine body plan. They determine sex. They determine number of body segments. A B C D CAQ 2

Explain the difference between body-cell and sex-cell mutation. Chapter Molecular Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions Explain the difference between body-cell and sex-cell mutation. Answer: A mutagen in a body cell becomes part of the of the genetic sequence in that cell and in future daughter cells. The cell may die or simply not perform its normal function. These mutations are not passed on to the next generation. When mutations occur in sex cells, they will be present in every cell of the offspring. CAQ 3

Standardized Test Practice Chapter Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice What does this diagram show about the replication of DNA in eukaryotic cells? DNA is replicated only at certain places along the chromosome. DNA replication is both semicontinuous and conservative. Multiple areas of replication occur along the chromosome at the same time. The leading DNA strand is synthesized discontinuously. A B C D STP 1

What is this process called? Chapter Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice What is this process called? mRNA processing protein synthesis transcription translation A B C D STP 2

TTCAGG TTCTGG What type of mutation results in this change Chapter Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice What type of mutation results in this change in the DNA sequence? TTCAGG TTCTGG deletion frameshift insertion substitution A B C D STP 3

Standardized Test Practice Chapter Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice How could RNA interference be used to treat diseases such as cancer and diabetes? by activating genes to produce proteins that can overcome the disease by interfering with DNA replication in cells affected by the disease by preventing the translation of mRNA into the genes associated with the disease by shutting down protein synthesis in the cells of diseased tissues A B C D STP 4

Chapter Molecular Genetics Standardized Test Practice The structure of a protein can be altered dramatically by the exchange of a single amino acid for another. True False A B STP 5

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter Molecular Genetics Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter Molecular Genetics Image Bank

Chapter Molecular Genetics Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary double helix nucleosome Section 1 Molecular Genetics Vocabulary Section 1 double helix nucleosome

Section 2 Vocabulary semiconservative replication DNA polymerase Molecular Genetics Vocabulary Section 2 semiconservative replication DNA polymerase Okazaki fragment

Section 3 Vocabulary RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA Molecular Genetics Vocabulary Section 3 RNA messenger RNA ribosomal RNA transfer RNA transcription RNA polymerase codon intron exon translation

Section 4 Vocabulary gene regulation operon mutation mutagen Section 4 Molecular Genetics Vocabulary Section 4 gene regulation operon mutation mutagen

Visualizing Transcription and Translation Lac-Trp Operon Chapter Molecular Genetics Animation Structure of DNA DNA Polymerase Transcription Visualizing Transcription and Translation Lac-Trp Operon

Chapter Molecular Genetics

Chapter Molecular Genetics

Chapter Molecular Genetics

Chapter Molecular Genetics

Chapter Molecular Genetics