Nickel Concentration Measurement in Water Sample using BGO detector Phy 503 Presentation Nickel Concentration Measurement in Water Sample using BGO detector Student: Ali Sufyan Instructor: Dr A A Naqvi (Advanced) 3-D wood block with texture and engraved text To reproduce the shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle (first option from the left). On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, do the following: In the Shape Height box, enter 3”. In the Shape Width box, enter 3”. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill. 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Measuring [Nickel] in water with BGO detector Contents Measuring [Nickel] in water with BGO detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Measuring [Nickel] in water with BGO detector Contents Measuring [Nickel] in water with BGO detector Introduction Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background

Introduction PGNAA (Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis) Materials characterization technique irradiate with matter/energetic particles & study radiation emitted XPS/XRD/Electron microsopy/PGNAA = family of techniques

Introduction Basic idea = irradiate with thermal (why?) neutrons which get absorbed making nucleus unstable To stabilise, instant emission of PG rays within fs Peak height = density of atoms present Peak location = identity of atoms present which & how much of each element present in sample

Introduction neutron generator + moderator + sample + detector n-gen: produce fast neutrons by fusion of energy 2.5 MeV: D + D -> He-3 + n moderator = slow to thermal n; usually polyethylene sample e.g. Nickel-contaminated water samples detector = BGO solid-state detector; counts PG rays (energy & intensity) BGO detector Moderator Neutron generator Sample

Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Contents Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Contents Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Theoretical Background Thermal neutron strike target atoms Advantages of PGNAA: Fast, non-destructive & always works Why thermal n? Ramsauer model: eff. 1n size proportional to thermal DB wavelength Which is inv. proportional to speed, Hence slow 1n = large DBW = large interaction cross-section = high absorption probability by nucleus = stronger signals

Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Contents Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Contents Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Experimental procedure 2 ‘types’ of runs (detector always on) 1) n-beam on, sample absent (n-activation of detector elements ) = detector activation spectrum 2) n-beam on, sample present = sample spectrum 1 – 2 = integrated yield of Nickel ∝ [Ni] (theoretical) If we get that, detector is working well To improve accuracy, run times of 1 & 2 should approx. equal

Experimental procedure Last issue: Calibration

Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Contents Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Contents Measuring [Boron] in water with CeBr3 detector Results and Discussion Experimental procedure Theoretical Background Introduction

Results and Discussion Type 1 - detector activation spectrum Neutron activation of Bismuth & Germanium atoms hydrogen peaks which present in large amount in polyethylene

Results and Discussion Type 1 (dotted line) & Type 2 (solid line) Br(367)

Results and Discussion Type 2 – sample spectrum – for 5 boron water samples

Results and Discussion (Type 2 – Type 1) = integrated yield (Nickel only) Area under graph ∝ [Ni] in wt%

Results and Discussion Linear regression of integrated yield vs [Ni] (wt%) Good linear fit => detector is functioning normally Can be used to test conc. of unknown samples

Results and Discussion

Conclusions Verified the performance of the detector Useful technique for testing unknown samples Studied the various types of curves that occur in PGNAA A widely-applicable technique with almost unlimited applications

Thank You for your Attention !!!

Detectors ahead… Appendix

CeBr3 Scintillation Detector

CeBr3 Scintillation Detector

CeBr3 Scintillation Detector Advantages: Good-energy resolution Easier to resolve closely spaced peaks Drastically-reduced intrinsic activity Good linearity Reasonable detection efficiency

Detection Efficiency

Linearity of Response