Citing Sources and Using Quotes in a Speech/Paper PPT by Guidorizzi Purdue University Writing Lab

Avoiding Plagiarism When using words that are not your own, you must place them in quotation marks Repeating another source word for word Place in quotation marks Use an in-text parenthetical citation immediately following author’s ideas When using ideas that are not your own (includes facts and statistics) Must put the ideas in your own words (cannot repeat how it was written) Use an in-text parenthetical citation immediately following author’s ideas Purdue University Writing Lab

What is a quote? A quote is anything that is taken word for word from another source It does NOT already have to be in quotation marks ANYTHING written by someone else, that you then use, needs to have quotation marks around it Quotes are ALWAYS followed by a parenthetical citation Example: “I am always ready to learn, though I do not always like being taught” (Churchill 262). Purdue University Writing Lab

What is a paraphrase? Rewriting an author’s words into your own rendition Paraphrased work is typically shorter than the original passage Takes a somewhat broader piece of the source and condenses it Example -- Original Passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. Example -- Legitimate Paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). Purdue University Writing Lab

Why or when should a quote or paraphrase be used? Provide support and credibility to your writing Give examples of a point of view on a subject Call attention to a position that you agree or disagree with Highlight a striking sentence by quoting the original Make your writing more insightful Speech: NY Giants are better than the NY Jets Weak argument: Giants are better because they have more important wins and, historically, better players. Strong argument: Giants are better because they have a total of three Super Bowl wins, while the Jets only have one (NY Football). Also, the Giants outshine the Jets in Pro Football Hall of Famers; the Jets only have 8 and the Giants have the outstanding amount of 27—second highest team in the league (Simms 11). Purdue University Writing Lab

What is a parenthetical citation? A parenthetical citation is used to show the reader what source the quote or paraphrase is from on the Works Cited page It is usually the author’s last name and page number in parenthesis after the quotation (unless the source does not provide that information) Example: 90% of Sophomores pass the AIMS test (Rich 256). You’re awesome! Purdue University Writing Lab

How to cite properly? ( # ) Parenthetical citation Refers to others’ work in your writing Immediately following ALL quotations/paraphrases Author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s) Example: “We not only interpret the character of events... we may also interpret our interpretations” (Burke 3). ( # ) Purdue University Writing Lab

Citing Properly Cont. Which one doesn’t belong? Parenthetical in-text citation corresponds with entry on Works Cited page Example: “We not only interpret the character of events... we may also interpret our interpretations” (Burke 3). Citation in Paper: (Burke 3) Matching Works Cited Entry: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print. Purdue University Writing Lab

Handling Parenthetical Citations Sometimes more information is necessary Citing indirect sources When the quote you are using is already in quotation marks, more information is needed Need to give credit to who said the quote and what source you found it in Example: “Never interrupt me when I’m trying to interrupt you” (Churchill qtd. in Boswell 4). Churchill is WHO said the quote Boswell is the author of the article you read Purdue University Writing Lab

Handling Parenthetical Citations Sometimes even more information is necessary Citing two sources by the same author: The citation consists of the author's name followed by a comma, followed by a shortened title of the work, followed, when appropriate, by page numbers Example: (Robbins, “American Pride" 63). More than one author with the same last name (W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224) No more! Examples: This slide demonstrates variations on the parenthetical reference. The first example distinguishes a work by William Wordsworth from a book by Dorothy Wordsworth by including the first initial. The second example distinguishes passages from James Joyce’s Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man from his later book, Ulysses. If a work has more than one volume, as in the third example, the citation should include a volume number followed by a colon and the page number. Finally, if the quotation used is quoted within another author’s work, both writers need to be listed in the citation. In the fourth example, the writer used a quote by Samuel Johnson from Boswell’s book (the second volume). Johnson was quoted (qtd.) in Boswell in Volume 2, page 450. Click to reveal each item. Purdue University Writing Lab

Handling Parenthetical Citations If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title: Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers” Citation: (“California” A14). If the source is only one page in length or is a web page with no apparent page numbers, do not include page numbers: Source: Dave Poland’s “Hot Button” web column Citation: (Poland) Examples: This slide provides information about additional variations on the parenthetical reference. The first example demonstrates how to handle sources with no author. In this case, the newspaper article title is listed in quotation marks. If this was the title of a book, however, California would be italicized within the parenthetical reference. The second example illustrates a citation for a one-page article or a web page. Because the size and number of printed web pages varies greatly from computer to computer, a page number is not a stable reference. Therefore, page numbers are omitted from the reference. The facilitator may also wish to note that the URL/web address should NOT be listed within the body of the paper--only on the Works Cited page. Click to reveal each item. Purdue University Writing Lab

Handling Long Quotations Note: For this unit, do not use long quotes for speeches Longer quotations require a special format: Quotes of forty words or 4 lines or more should be: Indented ten spaces on the left margin Parenthetical citation should go after the period The citation is NOT followed by a period No quotation marks around quote "Go long!" Purdue University Writing Lab

Example of a Long Quotation David becomes identified and defined by James Steerforth, a young man with whom David is acquainted from his days at Salem House. Before meeting Steerforth, David accepts Steerforth’s name as an authoritative power: There was an old door in this playground, on which the boys had a custom of carving their names. . . . In my dread of the end of the vacation and their coming back, I could not read a boy’s name, without inquiring in what tone and with what emphasis he would read, “Take care of him. He bites.” There was one boy—a certain J. Steerforth—who cut his name very deep and very often, who I conceived, would read it in a rather strong voice, and afterwards pull my hair. (Dickens 68) For Steerforth, naming becomes an act of possession, as well as exploitation. Steerforth names David for his fresh look and innocence, but also uses the name Daisy to exploit David's romantic tendencies (Dyson 122). Example: This slide illustrates the handling of a long quotation in a paper about Dickens’ David Copperfield, A long quotation is defined by MLA as being longer than four typed lines in the paper. A long quotation requires a special format; it should be indented ten spaces on the left, and the parenthetical citation should go after the period. There are no quotation marks around a long quote because the indention already indicates it as such. Note, however, the quotation marks around “Take care of him. He bites.” These appear just as they do in the book. If this section was reduced to a short quote and placed within the regular body of the paper, those quotation marks should be changed to single quotes. The facilitator should note that everything should be double spaced consistently. The final sentence of the passage is an idea paraphrased from Dyson and is cited with name and page number. * From “’I am Born:’ The Birth of Identity in David Copperfield and Bleak House” by Jennifer L. Kunka, Purdue University (unpublished manuscript). Do it right! …don’t mess with me. Purdue University Writing Lab

Need help? But How…? There are many different combinations and variations within MLA citation format. If you run into something unusual, look it up! Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) is fantastic! http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ Purdue University Writing Lab

Ways to Introduce a Quote Sometimes it is better to introduce a quote during the speech to let the audience know it is from an outside source In Smith’s words, “… In Smith’s view, “… Smith remarks, “… Smith argues, “… According to a NASA study, “… As seen in the 2010 poll, “… To see more examples, visit: http://web.ccis.edu/en/Offices/AcademicResources/WritingCenter/EssayWritingAssistance/SuggestedWaystoIntroduceQuotations.aspx Need proper Introductions.