11/14/2018 10:54 PM Choosing a Sanitizer

11/14/2018 10:54 PM What is Cleaning? The Removal of Soil Particles from Surfaces by Mechanical, Manual, or Chemical Methods.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM What is Sanitizing? The Treatment of a Cleaned Surface with a Chemical or Physical Agent to Destroy Disease / Spoilage Causing Organisms. Reduces Total Vegetative Cell Population to a “Safe Level”.

You Cannot Sanitize a Dirty Surface. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Sanitizing You Cannot Sanitize a Dirty Surface.

Types of Sanitizers Heat Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Iodine 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Heat Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Iodine Peroxyacetic Acid Acid Sanitizers Quats

Heat Hot Water is Used at 170° F for a Minimum of 5 Minutes. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Heat Hot Water is Used at 170° F for a Minimum of 5 Minutes. Steam May be Used if the Outlet Temperature is a Minimum of 200° F for 5 Minutes. NOTE: All Equipment Must Reach Minimum Times and Temperatures. HOT WATER SANITIZING: must be employed at a temperature of not less than 170ºF (76.7ºC) as determined at the discharge point, for at least five minutes. Hot water sanitizing is very effective for either raw or pasteurized product contact surfaces. Enclosed systems are easiest to sanitize with hot water but even tanks can be hot water sanitized. Many times problem equipment and systems respond best to hot water sanitizing. STEAM SANITIZING: may be employed in a closed system when the temperature of the drainage at the outlet is not less than 200ºF (93.3ºC) for at least five minutes. Steam is not normally recommended because of heat stresses; waste of energy; detrimental effect on rubber; condensation; and other negative effects on plant operations.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Chlorine Hypochlorous Acid

Chlorine Made From a Combination of NaOH and Chlorine Gas. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Chlorine Made From a Combination of NaOH and Chlorine Gas. Forms OCl ( Hypochlorite Ion ) in Alkaline Solutions. Forms HOCl ( Hypochlorous Acid ) in Neutral to Acidic Solutions. Both Kill, HOCl is 80X More Effective. Hypochlorites are the most common type of chlorine sanitizers used in the food and the dairy industry. They are economical and effective for plant use. Sodium or calcium hypochlorites at varying strengths may be purchased in either granular or liquid form. Chlorine in the undiluted form can be hazardous and corrosive. Care should be taken to prepare proper strengths and to prevent personal injury and damage to equipment. The bactericidal effect of active chlorine is best at neutral or weakly acidic condition and becomes less effective above a 8.5pH.

Ratios of HOCl-OCl at Various pH’s 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Ratios of HOCl-OCl at Various pH’s USE CONCENTRATIONS: 50 to 100 ppm available chlorine should be employed for sanitizing large equipment and utensils, and 200 ppm for spraying applications of large equipment. The contact time for effective sanitation should be long enough to produce complete kill of bacteria; usually 10 seconds or longer. Chlorine is very sensitive to pH.

Chlorine Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Advantages: Broad Spectrum Kills Spores and Phage Liquids or Powders OK in Hard Water Inexpensive Disadvantages: Corrosive Irritating to Skin Very pH Sensitive Sensitive to Organics Keep Below 120° F.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Chlorine Dioxide Cl O O

Chlorine Dioxide More Effective than “Regular” Chlorine. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Chlorine Dioxide More Effective than “Regular” Chlorine. Chlorine has 2 Electron Receivers, Chlorine Dioxide has Five. 2 ½ more Oxidizing Power. Used at Very Low Concentrations. (.5 to 5 ppm) Generated On-Site. Excellent for Water Treatment. ClO2 Chlorine dioxide is not another form of chlorine; it does not chlorinate ClO2 is an oxidant with a low redox potential; it has the lowest oxidizing potential of any oxidizing sanitizer It is not corrosive at use dilutions ClO2 is very efficient against vegetative cells, i.e. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts and molds, viruses, algae and protozoa with little to no effect on human animal and fish cells. ClO2 has proven to be a good solution when dealing with biofilms. ClO2 can be applied via foam, fog, added to the incoming water supply or used as a sanitizing solution. ClO2 will reduce iron from Fe2 to Fe3, converting it from soluble to insoluble iron ClO2 is pH tolerant; killing organisms as well at a pH of 2 as it does at a pH of 10 ClO2 does not create THMs or other chlorinated degradation components; it degrades to sodium chlorite and sodium chlorate. ClO2 is used at much lower concentrations than other antimicrobials. It is at least as effective at 1 ppm as chlorine at 100 ppm or quaternary ammonia at 200 ppm.

Chlorine Dioxide Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Advantages: Broad Spectrum Kills Spores / Phages OK in Hard Water Very Economical Safe for Environment Wide pH Range No THM’s (Trihalomethanes) Bio-film Removal Tolerate High Organic Load Low Organoleptic Impact Disadvantages: May Gas-Off On-Site Generators Needs Special Training Must Follow Directions Unlike chlorine and hypochlorite, ClO2 does not react with water to produce corrosive hypochlorous acid. Brass, aluminum, mild steel, and other soft metals are not attacked as they would be if chlorine or peracetic acid solutions were used. Unlike chlorine, ClO2 is not a chlorinating agent. It does not react with organics in water to produce suspected carcinogens such as chloroform and chlorinated phenolics. Nor does it react with ammonia to form chloramines. ClO2 is a powerful deodorizer, in that it oxidizes and destroys odor causing compounds, including rapid destruction of hydrogen sulfide. ClO2 and its precursors are EPA, USDA and FDA approved for a number of different uses in food and dairy processing plants. When it is used to treat incoming water, it destroys phenolics, chlorophenolics, sulfides, cyanides, nitrites and other problem contaminants formed by pre-chlorination treatment.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Iodophors

Iodine Very Successful Since the 1940s. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Iodine Very Successful Since the 1940s. Similar to Chlorine in Killing Microbes. Surfactant + Iodine = Iodophore Used at Very Low Concentrations. Iodophors are a combination of iodine with non-ionic wetting agents, and are acidified for stability. Iodophors are generally less corrosive at proper use concentrations than chlorine sanitizers. The lower the pH the more effective the iodine sanitizer.

Iodine Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum Color Coded 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Iodine Advantages: Broad Spectrum Color Coded Non-Irritating Manual Use Stable Solutions CIP Use Economical Disadvantages: pH Sensitive Use Under 120° F Odor Corrosive if Abused

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Acid Sanitizers

Acid Sanitizers Combinations of Acids and Surfactants or Fatty Acids. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Acid Sanitizers Combinations of Acids and Surfactants or Fatty Acids. They Kill by Shutting Down the Cell Membrane. Many Different Types. Used Since 1954. Acid Sanitizers: are a mixture of acids and wetting agents. Their germicidal properties are based upon the lower pH and the activity of the wetting agents at this low pH. They are generally slower acting than halogen sanitizers like hypochlorite sanitizers. Acid sanitizers are most effective at a pH of 2.3-3.5, with many becoming ineffective above 4 pH.

Acid Sanitizers Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum pH Sensitive 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Advantages: Broad Spectrum High Anti-microbial Against G- Organic Tolerant Acid Rinse Stable Solutions Non-Corrosive to SS OK in Hard Water CIP, and Manual Use Wide Temperature Range Disadvantages: pH Sensitive Some Foam in CIP Variable Phage Kill Contains Phosphate Slower Than Cl or I2 Corrosive to Soft Metals

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Peracetic Acid

Peroxyacetic Acid Combination of Acetic Acid and H2O2. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Peroxyacetic Acid Combination of Acetic Acid and H2O2. Used World Wide Since Around 1902. Used in U.S. Since mid-80s. Kills by Oxidation Mixtures of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (peroxyacetic acid) have been shown to have excellent oxidizing properties and to be effective against a broad range of bacteria. These are highly corrosive, difficult to handle, and should be used with caution.

Peroxyacetic Acid Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum No Foam 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Peroxyacetic Acid Advantages: Broad Spectrum No Foam Environmentally Safe Good on Bio-films Stable Solutions Wide pH Range Disadvantages: Strong Oxidizer Pungent Odor Not an Acid Rinse Special Training Needed Limited Manual Use

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Quats Combination of Cationic Surfactants and Water. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Quats Combination of Cationic Surfactants and Water. Many Varied Formulas. Used for Over 50 Years. Kill by Shutting Down the Cell Membrane. Usually Product of Choice for Environmental Sanitizing General Denaturizing of Cell Proteins. Inactivation of Enzymes Essential to Cell Metabolism. Disruption of Cell Membranes, Permeability Barriers. Alteration of Cell Permeability. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: These are commonly called “Quats". They are non-corrosive to dairy equipment, and their germicidal activity is less affected by the presence of organic matter than other sanitizers. The bactericidal effectiveness of quaternary ammonium compounds is influenced by the hardness of the water. Acidified Quats may be used to combat the affect of hard, alkaline water. They are also less effective against certain spoilage (gram negative) bacteria. Recent data indicates that acidified quaternary compounds may offer substantial protection against Listeria.

Quats Low Activity for G- Advantages: Disadvantages: Low Toxicity 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Quats Advantages: Low Toxicity Non-Irritating Non-Corrosive Heat/Organic Stable High Activity for G+ Yeast/Mold Control Residual Non-Volatile Can be Acidified Disadvantages: Low Activity for G- Anionic Contamination Reduces Activity Residual Foam in CIP USE CONCENTRATIONS: As a disinfectant of equipment 200 ppm (1:500) was found to be sufficient to reduce bacterial counts, while on non-food contact surfaces 600-1200 ppm may give best results.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen Peroxide Strong Oxidizing Agents Strong Bactericide 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Hydrogen Peroxide Strong Oxidizing Agents Strong Bactericide Ability to Make Environment Unsuitable for Organism Growth Exercise Extreme Care in Handling Hydrogen Peroxide. Strong Oxidizing Agent Potentially Explosive General De-naturation of Cell Proteins. Inactivation of Enzymes Essential to Cell Metabolism. Disruption of Cell Membranes, Permeability Barriers. Alteration of Cell Permeability. Peroxide is a strong oxidant and should be stored away from fuel sources and sources of catalytic contamination. Apart from obvious fire risks, peroxide vapor can react with hydrocarbons and alcohols to form contact explosives. Because oxygen is formed during the natural decomposition of the peroxide, the resulting increase in pressure can cause a container (e.g. made of glass) to shatter. Peroxide should be kept cool, as peroxide vapor can detonate above 70 °C.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Test – Test - Test

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Know the Effect on ATP

Comparing Properties of Common Sanitizers 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Comparing Properties of Common Sanitizers Good day, as you now know, my name is Don and today I’ll be comparing the properties of sanitizers. But before I begin, I must remind you that you cannot sanitize a dirty surface.

Sanitizers of Interest 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Sanitizers of Interest Chlorine Sanitizer ClO2 Sanitizer Iodine Sanitizer Quat Sanitizers Acid Sanitizers PAA Sanitizer Na O Cl CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 CH CH CH2 O (CH2CH2O)9 CH3 R1 N CH3 CH2 Most sanitizers in the marketplace fall into these 6 broad categories. Chlorine sanitizers such as sodium hypochlorite, the powdered isocyanurate. Chlorine Dioxide sanitizer is called ClO2. Iodine sanitizers are generally iodophors, iodine stabilized in surfactant and acid. Quaternary ammonium sanitizers are generally called quats. There are many varieties available. One subset I’ll mention later are the acid quats. Acid type sanitizers generally are blends of surfactants and acids. There are high and low foaming varieties of this sanitizer available. Peracid sanitizers, or peroxyacetic acid sanitizers, consist of peracetic acid formed by combining acetic acid (vinegar) with hydrogen peroxide. I need to mention that heat, in the form of steam and hot water, is also an excellent sanitizer which performs as well as any that I will be talking about today. (180 F for 5 minutes) C2H5 CH3(CH2)4CH(CH2)6CH3 O CH3 C O OH SO3

Microbial Specificity 11/14/2018 10:54 PM With this, I am trying to illustrate the efficacy of the sanitizers on a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to yeast and molds and to your more difficult spore formers. Note example organisms G negative: pseudomonas, salmonella, e. coli G positive: staphylococcus Spore former: bacillus and clostridium (gram positive) First, all the sanitizers tend to be broad spectrum sanitizers though the quats can be ineffective against some gram negative bacteria. Second, consider the product you are manufacturing and their hazards- then choose an appropriate product. For example: If in a cut vegetable plant you have a mold problem then you may want to avoid an acid type product.

Germicidal Speed Slowest Fastest 11/14/2018 10:54 PM I’m not implying that sanitizers are slow by this slide. In fact, the efficacy test that have to be done for registration are only 30 second tests. (hard surface sanitizes are required by law to significantly reduce bacterial counts (5 logs-E. coli and S. aureus) within 30 seconds.). So they all are fast in absolute terms and the speed issue becomes irrelevant in selecting a sanitizer. Some, though, are notably faster than others, the peracids compared to the quats for example. Still, its hard to make generalizations because, as I mentioned before there are large differences within the groups. There are so many different quaternary ammonium compound formulations, each with a different kill speed that I am sure there are probably differences of an order of magnitude between the fastest and the slowest quats. Slowest Fastest

Effective pH Range 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Most of the sanitizers have an ideal pH range- outside of which their effectiveness decreases. The acid anionics clearly have the smallest effective pH range of 1.9 – 4.0. The iodophors require a pH of <4 and the peracids <5. Sodium hypochlorite requires a controlled pH of <8.5, but no lower than 4 or the potential for the release of chlorine gas increases substantially. The quats are not pH dependent- though some are formulated with acid. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH Considerations What is the pH of your Water? 11/14/2018 10:54 PM What is the pH of your Water? Acid Sanitizer: Phosphoric Acid 50% Use Ratio: 1 to 6 Acid Sanitizer: Phosphoric Acid 30% Use Ratio: 1 to 10

Use Cost Relative to Chlorine 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Use Cost Relative to Chlorine This is a comparison of the per use cost between the common sanitizers relative to the chlorine sanitizer here at the bottom. The cost comparison is relative and approximate, I haven’t considered freight, package sizes, or differing manufacturer’s costs. There can be large differences within the groups which make comparing use cost difficult. This graphic basically illustrates the low cost of sodium hypochlorite and the relatively high cost of peracids.

At use dilution - based on a scale of 1 to 10 Corrosion Potential 11/14/2018 10:54 PM The chlorine sanitizers are potentially the most corrosive of the sanitizers, especially when used improperly (at low pHs or elevated temperatures). The acid anionic sanitizers generally contain DDBSA and small quantities of sulfuric acid which is some-what corrosive to most metals, even more so in high chloride water. The free iodine active sanitizer is also slightly corrosive, again in water with high chloride levels. The peroxyacetic acid is slightly corrosive to mild steel and copper but not to 304 and 316 stainless steel or aluminum. Quats are generally not corrosive in their use dilution. At use dilution - based on a scale of 1 to 10

Stability - Under Ideal Conditions 11/14/2018 10:54 PM Stability - Under Ideal Conditions Concentrated in the drum,represented by the dark narrow bars and measured in months, the surfactant sanitizers (quats, and acid type) are very stable. The oxidizing sanitizers (chlorine, iodine, and peracids) are quite reactive and prone to decomposition, sodium hypochlorite being the worst. Diluted, represented by the light bars and measured in days on the top axis, the oxidizing sanitizers have a much shorter life. Note that when diluted, the peracid and iodophors are nearly as unstable as sodium hypochlorite. Sanitizers, used in CIP or other mechanical operations cannot be re-used and sanitizers used for manual operations should be prepared each shift or when its activity drops.

Foaming Potential Foam levels at “no rinse” use dilutions. 11/14/2018 10:54 PM The acid anionics, quats, and iodophors all contain surfactants that generate foam to differing degrees. Depending on where and how the sanitizer is used, foam can be an advantage or disadvantage Foam levels at “no rinse” use dilutions.

On a scale of 1 to 10 - 10 having the greatest impact. Environmental Impact 11/14/2018 10:54 PM The peracids have the lowest environmental impact because those most commonly used decompose to water, oxygen, and acetic acid (vinegar); all benign and non-toxic in low quantities. Iodophors, quats, and acid anionic are mid-range in this category; not particularly troublesome but slow to biodegrade. In addition to biodegradability issues, acid-type sanitizers can be produced with relatively large quantities of phosphoric acid that can contribute to elevated phosphate levels which are considered environmentally unsavory. Chlorine has the worst perception environmentally, from dioxin in the pulp and paper industry to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs). Chlorine dioxide, on the other hand, does not form THM. On a scale of 1 to 10 - 10 having the greatest impact.

11/14/2018 10:54 PM Thank You