Plug-in and electric buses Edward Jobson

Energy use, person transports French fleet study by ADEME City traffic Regional traffic Intercity traffic 80 >2L <2L 60 250-750 cc 250-750 cc Energy use per person (g eq petrol / passenger km) 125-250 cc 125-250 cc 2L 40 1.4L 20 Volvo 9700* BRT* Tram Metro MC Bus Cars Volvo 7700* Hybrid Bus Light rail Region trains Cars MC Coach Intercity trains High speed trains Car Air Source: ADEME, http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/getDoc?cid=96&m=3&id=51911&p1=00&p2=12&ref=17597 * Volvo data on BRT and hybrid performance related to respective traffic conditions

Well to wheel. Making and using biogas or electricity? Biomass to Biogas as fuel for the bus Biomass to Electricity as energy for the bus The electricity will drive 3 fully electric buses one year Assuming that this energy will drive one biogas bus one year 80 % more energy

7700 Diesel 25% 35% 37% 39% Fuel consumption decrease 7700 Hybrid Field test 7700 Hybrid launch 7900 Hybrid Light weight 7900 Hybrid Electric door Project start 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Diesel Hybrid 7700 Diesel: 13.7 l/h 7700 Hybrid: 9.6 l/h Saving: 4.1 l/h 7700 Diesel: 8.5 l/h 7700 Hybrid: 6.0 l/h Saving: 2.5 l/h

Fuel consumption -required to reach speed… Breaking from 64 km/h = 10x breaking from 20 km/h Speed km/h Litre per acceleration X km/h Full bus 18 tonnes Empty bus 12 tonnes Environmental Conference, May 2011 Edward Jobson

Volvo 7900 Plug-in Hybrid March 2013 Field test Charging principles Beyond Euro VI Serial Production Data 10-20 km Electric range 5-10 min Charging time Plug-in from all infrastructure Energy use 30-40% of diesel Charging principles Tram Trolley Induction Slide-in

Charging infrastructure -minimising cost Bus stop with charging Bus stop without charging

Electric buses

Fully Electric Buses Strengths Weaknesses 1, Fully electrical 2, Energy efficient (1-1.4 kWh/km) 3, Silent 4, Acceptable performance in slow city traffic 10-15 km/h 5, Potentially compatible with tram and trolley buses 6, Price competitive to trams and trolleybuses 1, Additional weight or frequent charging 2, Additional cost or limited range 3, Low uphill performance 4, Issues with hot/cold climate 5, Design impact 6, Infrastructure required 7, Cost for infrastructure 8, No infra-structure standard 9, Charge power is high 100-200 kW

The path towards Green Efficiency Hybrid Diesel Hybrid Plug-in City Bus Market Fully electric 2010 Future

Optimised public transports -Daily travel School bus Fully electric BRT Hybrid bus Train Express bus +bio fuel Feeder Hybrid bus + plug-in Critical time ~60 minutes 30-90 km/h Bus 40-250 km/h Train -600 km/h Air Down town Hybrid bus Fully electric

25% of the time the bus use 75% of the energy

50% of the time buses move 10% of the distance

Summary Future technology parallel development Hybrid bus + Plug-in hybrids Diesel Fully electrical buses Drivers Noise Energy efficiency Synergies with cars and trucks Environmental impact less than Euro VI already today Less dependency on oil Low infra structure requirement

Back-up slides for discussion Department, Name, Document name, Security Class 2018-11-14Date

Drive distance with same available energy Why Electro mobility? The main driver for electro mobility is “Energy Efficiency” Linked to energy efficiency is: Low to no tailpipe emissions Low interior and exterior noise Low CO2 emissions Low LCC Drive distance with same available energy Diesel 10 Km 48 kWh Hybrid 14.2 km * Technical limitations -Range -Charge Frequency -Charging time Plug-in Hybrid 25 km * Full electric (Normal bus) 34 km * Full electric (Light bus) 44 km

Green house gases Transport sector Global green house gases Stern Report

Carbon dioxide emissions from power production, European countries

7700 Hybrid Yearly Fuel Saving 25 000 l/year 20 000 l/year 15 000 l/year 10 000 l/year

Volvo Hybrid Technology -the myth maker Not long ago the established truth about hybrid buses was: Recent facts Hybrid buses may show good results in the laboratory, but in real traffic the saving is much less. Statistics from more than 200 Volvo hybrid buses in operation shows savings of in average 32% fuel relative a new diesel bus. Hybrid buses have low availability. The availability is higher than for diesel buses. In London for example 98% is reported. Hybrid buses needs special drivers and education. Driver education is always positive for safety and fuel consumption. However, hybrid buses show high savings with all drivers. The hybrid technology is not mature. Out of the first ten hybrid customers eight have already come back for additional orders. -Once hybrids, always hybrids. Hybrid buses are only suitable for slow and dense city traffic. Volvo hybrid technologyhave high fuel savings in al types of operation from slow urban to regional traffic.

No reason to wait, the 7900 Hybrid is the quantum leap we all have been waiting for 37% lower fuel consumption No emissions at the bus stop 50% lower hazardous emissions Silent take-off 8% higher capacity, 8% less buses Highest availability, highest reliability High savings both in city and in commuting The productivity (VLP) is increased by 8.3% (21% when environmental load is included)

Comparing Technologies 40% Volvo ISAM on 7700 hybrid as reported by customers 30% Serial hybrid* Parallel hybrid* Fuel saving % 20% 10% 0% 10 20 30 40 50 60 * Commercial hybrid packages from supplier industry Average speed in route (km/h) European Bus Market Share of buses vs route speed over full life time - Data based on 10 000 Volvo buses. 29% Fleet % 18% 18% 15% 13% 5% Average speed in route (km/h)

Volvo 7700 Hybrids -in Europe Exponential market growth more than 450 hybrid buses sold 26

Volvo Buses European Environmental Cost http://europa k€ 270 k€ 225 Euro VI Particulates NOx CO2 Energy k€ 235 k€ 148 Volvo 7900 Diesel Volvo 7900 Biogas Volvo 7900 Hybrid