Genetic Code.

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Presentation transcript:

Genetic Code

Important features of the genetic code Each codon consists of three bases (triplet). There are 64 codons. They are all written in the 5' to 3' direction. 61 codons code for amino acids. The other three (UAA, UGA, UAG) are stop codons (or nonsense codons) that terminate translation. There is one start codon (initiation codon), AUG, coding for methionine. Protein synthesis begins with methionine (Met) in eukaryotes, and formylmethionine (fmet) in prokaryotes. The code is unambiguous. Each codon specifies no more than one amino acid.

Important features of the genetic code The code is degenerate. More than one codon can specify a single amino acid. All amino acids, except Met and tryptophan (Trp), have more than one codon. For those amino acids having more than one codon, the first two bases in the codon are usually the same. The base in the third position often varies.

Important features of the genetic code The code is almost universal (the same in all organisms). Some minor exceptions to this occur in mitochondria and some organisms. The code is commaless (contiguous). There are no spacers or "commas" between codons on an mRNA. Neighboring codons on a message are non-overlapping.

WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS Many amino acids are specified by more than one codon (redundancy). Frequently, a tRNA can translate more than one of these codons, sparing the cell from making multiple tRNAs to carry the same amino acid. For instance, the arg-tRNAarg can translate both the CGA and the CGG codons that specify arginine. This phenomenon is known as "Wobble" and can be summarized as follows: Correct base pairing is required at the first position of the codon (third of anticodon) and the second position of the codon (second of anticodon). The third position of the codon does not always need to be paired with the anticodon (e.g., it is allowed to "wobble" in some cases).

Wobble and Protein Synthesis