RESEARCH & STATISTICS

What are the 3 types of psychological research? Experimental Descriptive Correlational

The tendency to believe, after learning the outcome, that we knew it was going to happen is called… Hindsight Bias

What is the only type of research that can show cause and effect? Experiments!

In an experiment, the research must make a prediction trying to show a relationship between 2 variables. What is this testable prediction called? Hypothesis

Researchers want their research to measure what it is meant to (it’s accurate). If it does, the research is . Valid

Research is considered reliable when it can be . Replicated (recreating the study & get the same results)

Whatever is being manipulated in an experiment is called the Whatever is being manipulated in an experiment is called the and what is being measured is called the . If , then Independent Dependent

Anything that causes change in the results of the experiment are called . Confounding/extraneous variables

In an experiment, the hypothesis could be that Eating Cookies before the test would increase test scores. Name the independent, dependent, and 3 confounding variables. Independent: the cookie Dependent: the test scores Confounding: weekend to study, were told the answers, Mrs. Aspril is awesome!

When choosing participants for an experiment, they should be placed into 2 groups. Name each group and which receives the independent variable. Experimental, Control Experimental receives the independent variable

What is often given to the control group to make them think they are in the experimental group? Placebo-receive NONE of the independent variable Ex: drug experiment, placebo is a sugar pill

What is the purpose of having a random sample? It is representative of the population because each person has an equal chance of being included in the research

To minimize differences between the control and experimental groups are as much as possible, participants should be placed into groups using . Random Assignment

What is the procedure called when neither the researcher nor the participants know who is in the experimental group? Double Blind

In what type of descriptive research would you get a full, detailed picture of one person or small group? Case Study

Name the biggest weakness of case studies. The findings are not always GENERALIZABLE to the entire population

Name one positive and one negative about surveys. Positive: cheap & easy way to collect data Negatives: surveys are not always worded well, people are not always truthful, low response rate (maybe only 1 in 100 will respond)

Name 2 important facts concerning a naturalistic observation. Do not intervene in any way Observe people in their natural environment Cannot know what people are thinking/feeling because you are only observing their behavior

What is the purpose of correlational research? To explore the relationship between 2 variables

What are the 3 measures of central tendency AND explain each? Mean-average Median-value in the middle Mode-value that occurs most often

Given these values, find the mean, median, and mode. 10, 10, 8, 6, 1 Mean: 7 Median: 8 Mode: 10

What measure of central tendency is most affected by oultiers? Mean

What is the number that shows the strength of a relationship between 2 variables? Correlation coefficient

Which of the following has a stronger correlation? +.03 -.87 +.80 -.34 Remember the closer to +1 or -1 the stronger the relationship The closer to 0 the weaker the relationship

What is the range of the following values? 17, 45, 15, 26, 38 30 Remember, highest score-lowest score=range

A correlation is STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT if the chances of it occurring by chance are less than %? 5%

Look at the following scatterplot. What type of relationship do you see? Positive Correlation, both values are increasing A negative correlation if one value is increasing and one is decreasing

If participants in an experiment know that they are being studied, it could alter the results. What is this phenomenon called? Hawthorne Effect

What is the average distance from the mean called? Standard Deviation

In a normal distribution of scores, what percentage of the scores will fall within 1 standard deviation? 68% 95% within 2 SDs 98% within 3 SDs

What is it called when we think that a relationship exists when it really doesn’t? Illusory Correlation

You are responsible for knowing the following: SQ3R Longitudinal studies Cross-sectional studies Ethics