Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 AP Psychology Objective Opener Become familiar with the DSM5 by completing a scavenger hunt. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Diagnostic Labels, Labeling, It is important to keep in mind that the goal of diagnosis is to initiate a process that leads to greater understanding and to the development of a plan to help. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Fighting the Stigma of Mental Illness Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Demi Lovato’s Be Vocal Campaign https://www.philosophy.com/hope-and-grace/hope-and-grace,en_US,pg.html Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Evaluating Rosenhan Get Books Read pg 548-549 and answer the following questions What are the main arguments? Summarize each. What was concluded? Do you agree or disagree? Why? What is the new controversy? What do you think we can do about this new issue? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

The Cultural Context of Psychological Disorder ecological model: a perspective that emphasizes social and cultural context, and the view that mental disorder results from a mismatch between a person’s social behavior and the needs of the situation. Studies show beyond doubt that culture influences both the prevalence of psychological disorders and the symptoms that disturbed people display. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Brief History of Mental Illness Views of psychiatric conditions are very much influenced by the times, belief systems and cultures of the communities that are operating at the time. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

How are Psychological Disorders Classified in the DSM-5? The DSM-5, the most widely used system for classifying mental disorders, organizes psychological disorders by their mental and behavioral symptoms. Key Question 12.2: How are psychological disorders classified in the DSM-IV? Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Overview of DSM-5 Classification System Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Includes 300+ disorders Gives practitioners a common language symptoms, syndromes, diagnoses, diseases No definition of “normal” Recognizes developmental progression Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Changes Trephination: to release spirits Catholic Church: religious ferver Victorian times: sexual repression 1972: homosexuality removed Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 DSM5 Changes From a multi-axial approach (5 axis) to non axial approach Represents a longitudinal view of conditions Childhood disorders like Down Syndrom are now Neurodevelopmental disorders Asperger’s syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder have been merged Bipolar and Depressive disorders (most common) have been simplified in terms of diagnosing. Substance use disorders has eliminated substance abuse and dependence language. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 DSM5 Changes Dementias replace by Major and Mild Cognitive Disorders due to imaging technology advances Personality Disorders now has a hybrid model due to changes in how they are being diagnosed. New Disorders added to diagnose disorders that are not yet classified due to further study requirements. Heightened sensitivity to cultural aspects, more on gender differences, and increased recognition that “normal” is dependent on culture, education, and situation. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

DSM5 Scavenger Hunt 20-30min Use your Chromebook. You may work with a partner. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Outline of Disorders Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Depressive Disorders Abnormal disturbance in emotion or mood Major Depressive Disorder Form of depression that does not alternate with mania Accounts for majority of mental hospital admissions Most prevalent form of disability around the world Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder A disorder involving swings of mood from mania to depression Mania excessive elation or manic excitement Depression sadness or despair Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any known external cause Panic Disorder Marked by panic attacks that have no obvious connection to events in a person’s present experience Agoraphobia Fear of public places/open spaces Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Anxiety Disorders Phobia or Phobic Disorder Disorder involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation Cause: Preparedness Hypothesis The notion that we have an innate tendency to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Phobias Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Phobias Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors obsession: thoughts, images, impulses that reoccur compulsions: repetitive, purposeful acts Genetic link: tendency to run in families Learning component Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 PTSD Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Somatic Symptom Disorders Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints Conversion Disorder Paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernible physical cause Illness Anxiety Disorder Excessive concern about health and disease; formerly called hypochondriasis Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job Depersonalization Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Abnormality involving the sensation that mind and body have separated Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization Disorder Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities Dissociative Identity Disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Severe psychopathology Personality disintegrates Emotional life is disrupted Cognitive processes distorted More common in men than women First appearance: typically before age twenty-five for men; between twenty-five and forty-five for women Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Criteria for a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Fundamentally a brain disorder Biological Factors Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

MRI Scans of Twins: One with and One without Schizophrenia Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 12.7 Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia The graph shows average risks for developing schizophrenia in persons with a relative that has schizophrenia. Data were compiled from family and twin studies conducted in European populations between 1920 and 1987; the degree of risk correlates highly with the degree of genetic relatedness. Source: Figure 10 from p. 96 of Gottesman, I. (1991). Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co. Copyright © 1991. Reprinted by permission of W. H. Freeman and Company/Worth Publishers. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Neurodevelopmental Disorders Can appear at any age, but often first seen in childhood Autism spectrum disorder Marked by impoverished ability to “read” other people, use language, or interact socially Dyslexia A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in maintaining inactive for any period Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Personality Disorders Chronic patterns of poor judgment, disordered thinking, emotional disturbances, disrupted social relationships, or lack of impulse control Narcissistic exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for constant attention or admiration, or preoccupation with fantasies of success or power Antisocial lack of conscience or a sense of responsibility to others Borderline instability and impulsivity; unpredictable moods and stormy personal relationships, little tolerance for frustration Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Parent-Child Problems Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions that May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Mild Depression Marital Problems Physical Complaints Academic Problems Parent-Child Problems Job Problems Bereavement Malingering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved