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Fitness measured over many generations

Evolution does not always occur at the same rate. Fig 25.14 Evolution does not always occur at the same rate.

Why are intermediate traits sometimes hard to find? Fig 24.17 Why are intermediate traits sometimes hard to find?

What drives evolution? What changes selection criteria?

The rate of evolution depends on the rate of environmental change. Fig 25.14 The rate of evolution depends on the rate of environmental change.

We do not know what caused the largest extinction event known. Fig 25.14

Fig 25.14 Dinosaur extinction

Fig 25.15 an Asteroid impact, 65 mya

Fig 25.7 History of Earth

Life as we know it… Fig 26.21

Molecular similarities show relationships that are not obvious by morphology Fig 26.2

Convergent Evolution means that morphology is a poor predictor of evolutionary relationships Fig 26.7

Phylogeny and its connection to evolution Fig 26.4

phylogenetic hierarchy Fig 26.3 phylogenetic hierarchy

an evolutionary tree: comparing gene sequences Fig 26.13

Phylogenies as multiple hypotheses Percent difference between sequence Fig 26.14

Phylogenies as multiple hypotheses: Fig 26.15 Phylogenies as multiple hypotheses: parsimony

Phylogenies as multiple hypotheses: Fig 26.15 Phylogenies as multiple hypotheses: parsimony (more tree making practice in discussion)

Life as we know it… Fig 26.21

Fig 34.37 DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between species.

The earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?

Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring. Fig 47.3 mitochondria

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

mtDNA helped determine what happened to Anastasia

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be used to trace the past. Fig 1

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