Hominin Evolution: Stone Tools Overview

Australopithecus garhi Stone Tool Sequence Oldowan 5 different industries: Solutrean Magdalenian Acheulian Mousterian Australopithecus garhi and Homo habilis Neanderthals Homo erectus Homo sapiens

Oldowan Stone Tools Making simple flakes struck off ______________ Bed I & Bed II at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) Gona River in the Middle Awash region Oldest formally recognized stone tool assemblage ___________________________ Oldowan development is associated with: Smaller face and smaller jaws Reduction in tooth size Change in diet Scavenging Meat incorporation

Oldowan Stone Tools Dated to: 1.5 to 2 million years ago

Making of Oldowan Tools

Oldowan Stone Tools Australopithecus garhi Homo habils _______________ Antelope remains: _________________ Homo habils Originally found among H. habilis _________________ Why would we think that A. garhi made these marks? What is the significance that these are marks are on top of teeth marks from larger mammals?

Acheulian Stone Tools More diverse, sophisticated Spread from __________ __________ stone was worked ________ 2 manufacturing techniques: 1. 2. Expansion of the brain (presumably) enabled H. erectus to develop a more sophisticated tool kit Indication of processing – meat eating expanded in diet Acheulian Complex – included hand axes, bifacial tools among others; more refined than Oldowan tools

Acheulian Stone Tools Graver, or burin Flint Point Flint Awl Quartzite Chopper

Acheulian Stone Tool: ‘Biface’ Hand Ax Dominant tool in _____________ Characterized by: ____________ Hard to soft hammer technique Found in association with ___________ Spanned the ______________________ of H. erectus e.g. hippopotamuses and elephants

Butchering and Scavenging Hunting or scavenging? Tool marks on animal bones discovered at H. erectus sites indicate: Acquiring _______________ 1. 2. _____________ the animals, including _______________

Mousterian Stone Tools Characterized by a __________________ than found in Acheulian tool kits Mousterian Toolkit – Including, from left to right: 1) Levalloiis point; 2) Perforator; 3) Side Scraper

Mousterian Stone Tools Developed for _________________________ No evidence of _____________ __________ is prevalent NOVA Video Clip

Homo sapiens’ Tools in Europe Begin at _______________ 5 industries, based on stone tool technologies Chatelperronian Aurignacian Gravettian Solutrean Magdalenian Major _________________ were occurring Several shifts in climate caused shifts in the environment and resources available  adaptation to environment had to occur

Solutrean Stone Tools Upper Paleolithic skill & aesthetic _________________ developed to the finest degree known Referred to as _________________ Made by ________________ Were expertly flaked _________________ Final products were _____________, but could also be considered a piece of ____

Magdalenian Tools ___________________ – wooden or bone hooked rod that extended the hunter’s arm Bow and arrow use; punch blade technique Decoration of these objects = _____________________

Magdalenian Tools Use of _____ __________ Mladec bone awls and awls tips