HYDROLOGY Notes ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

The water cycle is also called the cycle. hydrologic

Water that is stored in the oceans and lakes can and become a gas. evaporate

As the water rises through the atmosphere, it cools, condenses and becomes clouds

When the water gets heavy enough it can fall to the ground in the form of different types of precipitation

and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes. If the lithosphere (ground) is saturated, the water that has fallen can become and flow directly into streams, rivers, or lakes. runoff

If the lithosphere is not saturated, the water will the lithosphere and move into the zone of or the zone of infiltrate aeration saturation

The interface (boundary) between these two zones is called the water table

The roots of plants can reach into the zone of soak up the water, and the water can then re-enter the atmosphere through the process of saturation transpiration

runoff runoff water table impermeable bedrock zone of saturation transpiration condensation precipitation runoff zone of aeration evaporation runoff evaporation water table infiltration zone of saturation impermeable bedrock

Porosity

Total volume of empty space Porosity = Total volume of empty space ÷ total volume of soil What materials would you need to calculate the porosity of a sample of soil? graduated cylinder water

***Particle size alone does not determine porosity***

If particles are sorted, they are all the same size Porosity Particle Sorting

If particles are sorted, they are all the same size Porosity Particle Packing

Which is more porous, a container of: round particles or angular particles tightly packed particles or loosely packed particles c. well-sorted particles or unsorted particles d. large beads or small beads

Capillarity The upward movement of water in soil due to adhesion (water clinging to soil) and cohesion (water clinging to water).

Capillarity Soil Particle Size

Capillarity Soil Sorting

Capillarity Soil Packing

PERMEABILITY

A, because the particles are largest PERMEABILITY Which column would allow water to flow through fastest? Why? A, because the particles are largest

Larger particles have less surface area per volume. PERMEABILITY Why do large particles let water through faster (more permeable)? Larger particles have less surface area per volume.

PERMEABILITY Particle Size

If you join sediment from A and D, PERMEABILITY If you join sediment from A and D, what would happen to the permeability? Why? Decreases, because the small particles fill in the spaces

PERMEABILITY Particle Sorting

PERMEABILITY Particle Packing

Which is more permeable? PERMEABILITY Which is more permeable? a. small particles or large particles b. frozen ground or unfrozen ground

RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF AND STREAM DISCHARGE Which will result in greater runoff and stream discharge? an area that is vegetated or an area that is barren an area that has a steep slope or an area that is flat ground that is frozen or ground that is unfrozen d. ground that is saturated or ground that unsaturated

Weathering Hydrology NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

Weathering exfoliation Physical ( Mechanical ) Abrasion Freeze/Thaw

Chemical Weathering occurs fastest in this type of environment: oxidation Ayers Rock, Australia hydration Chemical Chemical Weathering occurs fastest in this type of environment: warm, moist

Surface Area and Weathering Why will smaller particles weather faster? Smaller particles have larger surface areas.

Surface area = length x width 4 cm. 6 sides X 4cm. X 4cm. = 64 cm2 8 cubes x 6 sides X 2 cm. X 2 cm. = 192 cm2 64 cubes X 6 sides X 1 cm. X 1 cm. = 256 cm2

Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Which will weather faster and why? because it is the smallest

Weathering Rate Particle Size

Soil What is soil? Soil is a mixture of weathered rock and humus (decaying plant and animal matter). Note: Hummus is bean dip.

Soil Conservation To go from weathered rock to one inch of topsoil takes about 1 million years.

Residual Soil Transported Soil Soil that forms and stays in one place. Similar composition as the bedrock. Transported Soil Soil that got moved. Most soils are transported.

Hydrology NOTES Erosion ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

the movement of weathered material EROSION What is erosion? the movement of weathered material

the movement of weathered material EROSION the movement of weathered material

SLUMP – a slow landslide.

Agents of erosion Ice Water Wind Gravity

Greatest FORCE Greatest AGENT water gravity

What agent of erosion shaped most of New York’s landscapes? Glaciers (ice)

carving out V-shaped valleys? What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out V-shaped valleys? Figure 11.10 A steep mountain stream eroded a V-shaped valley into soft shale in the Canadian Rockies. running water

carving out U-shaped valleys? What agent of erosion is responsible for carving out U-shaped valleys? glaciers

GLACIER

Slope

Erosion rate versus slope

If the slope is greater (steep), then there is MORE or LESS EROSION

Erosion rate versus Slope

Discharge the amount of water

STREAM VELOCITY EROSION DISCHARGE

Meandering Streams

Where is erosion greatest? Outside of Curve

Where does the river flow fastest? Center down from surface

Oxbow Lakes

Oxbow Lakes

Geneseo, NY HILL 20 A

What page can this graph be found in the ESRTS? On page 6 À la page 6 En la página 6 第6页上

What’s the minimum speed water need to be moving in order to transport sand?

In order to move a particle that is 10.0 cm, a stream’s velocity would need to be at least _______ cm/sec.

Wind Erosion desert wind erosion pitted

How sand dunes form

Which direction is the wind blowing?

Deposition Hydrology NOTES ©Mark Place, 2009-2010 www.LearnEarthScience.com

least amount of time to settle big objects take the least amount of time to settle FASTEST

denser particles settle first

Rate of Settling SettlingTime Particle Size

High Rate = Small time Low Rate = Large time

Rate of Settling Settling Time Particle Shape

Rate of Settling SettlingTime Roundness

Rate of Settling SettlingTime Particle Density

Rate of Deposition Slope

Rate of Deposition Stream Velocity

Rate of Deposition Stream Discharge

Deposition in Rivers Are stream deposits sorted (same sized particles) or unsorted (mixed sized particles)? SORTED

Where is deposition greatest? Inside of Curve Mouth of River

Why? lowest velocity

Deposition by Streams: Graded Bedding slow fast slow fast

What happens to particle size? Why?

What happens to particle size? decreases, because the velocity decreases

delta What is this?

large small

What agent? wind

Sorted or unsorted?

What direction?

What agentof erosion was responsible for the deposition of these unsorted sediments? glacier

Glacial Deposits till unsorted

Glacial Deposits erratics

Glacial Deposits striations

Glacial Features

Drumlin

Kame

Kettle Lakes

Esker

Moraine