Exercise Science: A Systems Approach Chapter 3

Exercise Science: A Systems Approach Systems of the body work respond to Physical activity Regular exercise Stress Changes in nutritional intake Extreme environmental conditions Disease conditions

Integration of Systems Exercise Science professionals need Knowledge of how all systems function Understanding of systems integration

Systems of the Body – Figure 3.1

Nervous System Primary functions Control systems of the body Primary component – neuron Responds to acute challenges of the body Important consideration in Disease conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy) Sport performance (e.g., controlling movement)

Nervous System – Figure 3.2

Muscular system Primary function Provide movement Primary component – muscle fiber Types of muscle Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Muscular System – Figure 3.3

Skeletal System

Skeletal System Primary functions Structural framework of the body Protects underlying organs and tissues Provides a lever system for movement Serves as a storage area for minerals Primary component – minerals and cells bone Osteoporosis is a serious disease condition

Skeletal System – Figure 3.4

Cardiovascular System Primary functions Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, and drugs Removing waste products from the body Primary component – heart, blood vessels, and blood Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death

Cardiovascular System – Figure 3.5

Pulmonary System Primary functions Moving air into and out of the lungs Regulation of acid-base balance Primary component – lung Important factor during exercise due to the ability to exhale carbon dioxide and regulate blood pH levels

Pulmonary System – Figure 3.7

Urinary System Primary functions Elimination of waste products Regulation of fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH Primary component – kidney Hypertension can be influenced by increasing the amount of fluid removed by the kidneys

Urinary System – Figure 3.8

Digestive System Primary functions Transfer of nutrients and water from the food we consume into the body Primary component – gastrointestinal tract Gastric emptying rate allows glucose absorption during exercise to best occur from a 6% solution

Digestive System – Figure 3.9

Endocrine System Primary function Regulation of physiologic function and systems of the body Primary components – endocrine glands Development of insulin resistance leads to a disease condition known as metabolic syndrome

Endocrine System – Figure 3.10

Immune System Primary function Regulating the susceptibility to, severity of, and recovery from infection, abnormal tissue growth, and illness Primary components – physical, mechanical, chemical, blood, and cellular factors Physical activity and regular exercise may improve the ability of the body to maintain health and reduce the risk for certain disease conditions

Immune System – Figure 3.11

Energy System Primary function Provide energy during rest and exercise Primary component – enzymes and energy sources within the cells Energy production is critical for successful performance in athletic events of various intensities and durations

Energy Systems – Figure 3.12

Energy System