Chapter 14 & 15 World War II

Totalitarianism and Expansion Italy – Benito Mussolini Fascist Party, nationalism, outlaws political parties, press censored Soviet Union – Josef Stalin Communist Party, focus on industry, state-run collective farms, purge of enemies, terror and fear Germany – Adolf Hitler Nazi Party, nationalism, Anti-semitism, state-controlled press, secret police, rearmament, public works programs Japan – Emperor Hirohito Economic trouble, military has influence, Japan expands throughout Asia and Pacific, war with China

Expansion League of Nations very weak, didn’t respond to violations of Treaty of Versailles Italy Invades Ethiopia – 1935, League of Nations does nothing Germany Treaty of Versailles ignored, military build up Germany seeks Lebensraum (living space) Germany joins with Austria (Anschluss) - 1938 Germany demands annexation of Sudetenland (Czech), Europe gives in to demands (appeasement) - 1938

War Begins September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland WWII begins German blitzkrieg highly successful Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers – Great Britain, Soviet Union, US

1940 Spring – Germany invades Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands France surrenders Battle of Britain – air war British RAF defends against German Luftwaffe bombing British cities

American Involvement US favors isolationism Interventionists urge support for Allies FDR knows war is inevitable Peacetime draft British given WWI battleships FDR wins re-election Neutrality Act (Cash and Carry) – US sells supplies to Allies, Allies must pay now and pick up Lend-Lease Act – US provides supplies, ships to Allies, Allies pay later Atlantic Charter (1941) – Declaration of alliance b/w US and Great Britain

American Entry U.S. places oil embargo on Japan Japan wants to remove American barrier to expansion in Pacific December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor attack U.S. declares war, joins Allies Many enlist and assist war effort Industrial production shifts to war production, ends Great Depression

Early Pacific Battles Japan takes Philippines Doolittle Raid Captured Americans forced on Bataan Death March to prison camp Doolittle Raid Psychological victory for U.S., shatters Japanese invincibility Battle of Coral Sea Tie, shows importance of aircraft carriers

Pushing Back the Axis (Europe) Allies sink U-Boats in Atlantic Battle of Stalingrad - Allies defeat Axis in North Africa (42-43) 1943 – Allies plan to invade Italy and bomb Germany, force unconditional surrender Attack “soft underbelly” of Europe – Italy Saturation bombing - max damage Strategic bombing – destroy Germany’s ability to make war

Pushing Back the Axis (Pacific) Midway – June 1942 - Begin offensive moving toward Japan, starting with Guadalcanal Fierce Japanese resistance on land on sea, realize Japanese will not give up

Europe - 1944 Allies plan invasion of Europe D-Day – June 6, 1944 Allies invade at Normandy, France Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Allied Commander Heavy casualties Allies have foothold in Europe

Pacific 1943-1944 U.S. practices island hopping in Pacific Marshall Islands Mariana Islands Face stiff Japanese resistance 1st Kamikazes used

War Ends (Europe) FDR dies (April 1945) Harry S Truman becomes President Battle of the Bulge (Winter 1944-1945) Last ditch German counterattack, Allies win V-E Day (May 8, 1945) Hitler commits suicide (April 30) Germany surrender, war in Europe over

War Ends (Pacific) Iwo Jima Okinawa Manhattan Project August 6, 1945 Needed for airstrip, bitter Japanese defense Okinawa Starting point for invasion of Japan, lots of casualties Manhattan Project Project to build Atomic Bomb Oak Ridge plays key role August 6, 1945 1st Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima August 9 – 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki Japan surrenders – Sept. 2

Homefront - Economy Industry switches to war production Economic recovery Debt increases Taxes increase War bonds sold Govt. manages economy Office of Price Administration – wages and prices control Rationing

Homefront - Women New jobs Outside of traditional roles - industry “Rosie the Riveter” New experiences Influence future generations employment

Homefront - Minorities African-Americans Faced discrimination “Double-V” Executive Order 8802 – Fair hiring Lays foundation for future civil rights movt. Race riots Mexican-Americans Bracero Program Japanese-Americans Seen as threat Placed in internment camps Lose property

Holocaust (“Final Solution”) Nazi attempt to exterminate the Jews 6 Million Jews and 5 million “undesirables”/opponents killed in concentration camps (death camps) Anti-semitism popular in Nazi Germany Nuremburg Laws restricted Jews’ rights Allied response was weak initially Allied soldiers liberate camps near end of WWII

Effects of WWII Yalta Conference – Allies agree to free elections in Europe Potsdam Conference – Allies agree to split Germany into 4 zones Map changes – New boundaries / lost territory Rise of 2 superpowers – US and USSR United Nations founded to preserve peace War criminals put on trial (Nuremburg Trials) US assumes role of global leadership US economy flourishes