Unit 2 Chemistry Test Review

Anything that has _______ and _________. What is Matter? Anything that has _______ and _________.

Anything that has mass and volume. What is Matter? Anything that has mass and volume.

What is the smallest unit of matter? Hint: not a Chihuahua!

What is the smallest unit of matter? An Atom!

Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company! What is an ? Hint: It’s not the skateboarding company!

An element is “pure stuff”. It is only one kind of atom in matter such as pure gold (Au) Other Examples: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous

What are atoms made up of? What are their charges? ?

What are atoms made up of? What are their charges?

What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom? (Larger Number)

What makes up the Atomic Mass of the atom? Protons + Neutrons

What does the Atomic Number represent in an atom?

Also tells how many electrons are present What does the Atomic Number represent in an atom? # of Protons Also tells how many electrons are present

What is an ION?

AN ION is when an atom has gained or lost electrons and become more + or - Remember: Ion “I” am greedy! “I” give or take electrons but do not share!

OK, now you know what an ion is, so what is an Ionic Bond?

“I”onic Bond: When electrons are gained or lost (NO SHARING) between atoms to make a compound. Hint: “I” am greedy! “I” give or take electrons but do not share!

Co-captains share their position What is a covalent bond? Hint: Co-captains share their position Atom Atom

Covalent bond: When two atoms share electrons to create a compound.

What are Isotopes?

Isotopes are same element with different numbers of NEUTRONS!

OK…Isotopes are the same element with different numbers of neutrons. How can I remember that?

Jimmy Neutron doesn’t push the wrong button! I so hope (sounds like Isotope) Jimmy Neutron doesn’t push the wrong button! Silly, but you’ll remember it!

Define: Compound

Compound 2 or more elements combined chemically

Chemical and Physical

What type of changes in matter would be considered to be physical?

What type of changes in matter would be considered to be chemical?

What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number) What does a pH scale indicate (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of ___?___ in a solution.

Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. What does a pH scale indicate? (do not say the pH number). It is the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. H+ OH- H+ OH- H+ = OH-

What is a Buffer? Don’t have a clue? Hint: We have been dealing with pH, so it probably has something to do with that.

Buffer What? It is a weak acid or base Does? That reacts with strong acid or base Why? to bring the pH back to neutral (Homeostasis)

What is a mixture? What are the 2 types of mixtures that we talked about?

When two things are mixed together PHYSICALLY but can be separated What is a mixture? When two things are mixed together PHYSICALLY but can be separated What are the 2 types of mixtures that we talked about? SOLUTION = even mixing (salt water) SUSPENSION = won’t stay mixed (Italian dressing)

Define & Give and Example: Solute Solvent Solution

Solute: What is dissolved by the solvent Ex: SALT Solvent : What does the dissolving Ex: WATER Solution: When a solute is dissolved in a solvent Ex: Salt + Water

What is the name for a type of mixture that there is NO DISSOLVING taking place?

Suspension: No Dissolving Sand + Water Oil + Vinegar

What is COHESION? What is ADHESION?

What is COHESION? What is ADHESION? Same molecules sticking together Water + Water What is ADHESION? Different molecules sticking together Water + Glass

What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water?

What is the weak bond called that forms between the polar molecules of water? HYDROGEN BONDS

What is polarity? H (+) H (+) O (-) See a resemblance?

causing (+) on one side and (-) on the other Polarity: Unequal sharing of electrons causing (+) on one side and (-) on the other H (+) H (+) See a resemblance? O (-)

MACROMOLECULES

What element is the most important element for macromolecules? And what can this molecule do that makes it so important?

CARBON! What element is the most important element for macromolecules? And what can this molecule do that makes it so important? Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell allowing it to make lots of different types of bonds: 4 SINGLE BONDS, 2 DOUBLE BONDS, 1 DOUBLE + 2 SINGLE, 1 TRIPLE + 1 SINGLE BOND

How many electron pairs are found in each of the bond types? Which bond is strongest?

How many electron pairs are found in each of the bond types? Which bond is strongest? 1 Pair 2 Pairs 3 Pairs

“__________________” removes water (H2O) when putting monomers together to make polymers.

“DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS” removes water (H2O) when combining monomers to make polymers.

Name the 4 types of macromolecules? They are all organic compounds because they contain what?

Name the 4 types of macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids They are all organic compounds because they contain what? CARBON

What elements are in carbohydrates?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What elements are in carbohydrates?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

What is the monomer for Carbohydrates?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What is the monomer for Carbohydrates?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Glucose Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

What are the two functions?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure and support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are the two functions?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

What are animal and plant examples of stored energy?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are animal and plant examples of stored energy?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

What are examples of plant and animal structure or support?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons) What are examples of plant and animal structure or support?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Carbohydrates C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Monosaccharide (sugar: C₆H₁₂O₆) Energy – Quick Plants = Starch Animals = Glycogen Structure & Support Plants = Cellulose (fiber in cell walls) Animals = Chitin (exoskeletons)

What the elements are for lipids?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What the elements are for lipids?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Mostly Carbon & Hydrogen, some Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

What are the monomers for lipids?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What are the monomers for lipids?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

What are the 4 functions of lipids?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes What are the 4 functions of lipids?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

Give examples of each function   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes Give examples of each function

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Lipids (Fats, Oils, Waxes) C, H, O Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Fatty Acids Glycerol with fatty acid chains attached Energy Storage Long term Fats & Blubber Cell Membranes Phospholipids Chemical Signals Hormones Repel Water Waxes

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Be able to… Explain structure differences Explain bond differences Explain which is solid and which is liquid at room temp.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

What are the elements for proteins?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the elements for proteins?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

What are the monomers of protein?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the monomers of protein?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

(Basic building block) What are the 6 functions of Proteins?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are the 6 functions of Proteins?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

What are examples of each function?   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes What are examples of each function?

(Basic building block) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Proteins C, H, O, N Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Amino Acids Movement Muscles Absorb Light Pigments Chemical Signals Hormones Fight Infections Antibodies Carries Oxygen Hemoglobin Regulates Reactions Enzymes

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the elements for Nucleic Acids?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the monomers for Nucleic Acids?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids    C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids    C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are the functions 3 of Nucleic Acids?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids    C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids    C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP What are examples of the functions?

(Basic building block) Functions Examples   Type of Molecule Elements Monomer (Basic building block) Functions Examples Nucleic Acids    C, H, O, N, P Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen Phosphorous Nucleotides Genetic Info DNA Protein Synthesis (making) RNA Energy ATP

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies?

Which macromolecule creates pigments for our skin, hair, eyes, hemoglobin (carry oxygen), antibodies to fight infection, and muscles (movement) for our bodies? PROTEINS

What are Enzymes? ?

What are Enzymes? Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help _____________________. Name the 3 parts

Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Enzymes are catalysts in the body that help speed up chemical reactions. Must know the 3 parts Reactant that needs the help of an enzyme is called a substrate Lock & Key

What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job?

What 2 things affect enzymes ability to do their job? Temperature & pH

What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? A + B → C

What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Chemical Reactions What are the reactants and products of this reaction? Reactants A + B → C Products

What is Activation Energy?

What is Activation Energy? Energy needed to get a reaction started

What is the difference between Exergonic and Endergonic reactions?

Activation Energy (energy needed to get a reaction started) Energy Absorbed Energy Released

__________, ___________, and ___________ Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… __________, ___________, and ___________

Energy released during a chemical reaction is in the form of……… Heat, Light, Sound

What is the difference between reaction A & B?

What is the difference between reaction A & B?