Ottoman Empire and Decline (1300-1920)

Main Idea The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that combined many cultures and lasted more than 600 years. Many modern societies, from Algeria to Turkey, had their origins under Ottoman rule.

Extent of Ottoman Empire

Attributes of Ottomans Allowed religious tolerance Embraced cultural diversity How is this different from previous civilizations that we have covered? Positives? Negatives?

Siege of Constantinople Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) Significance: brought a formal end to the Roman Empire with the fall of the Byzantine Empire Today known as Istanbul

Case Study: Hagia Sophia

What is It? Built by Constantine What city is it in? Originally a Christian church Eventually converted to a Muslim mosque after Ottoman takeover

Virgin Mary with Child (12th Century)

19th Century Restorations

The Ottoman Empire in Decline Reasons Nationalist revolts Egypt was lost European pressure

The Middle East in WWI

The League of Nations Mandates Goal: to guide the former colonies of Germany and Ottoman Empire toward modernization and independence Reality: opened up Middle East for more foreign involvement

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! The House of Saud  newly-created Saudi Arabia. monarchy Islamic and Arab traditions Laws based on Qu’ran The Pahlavi Family  Persia  Iran. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk nationalist movement in Turkey.

Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” (1881-1938) What change do you notice from the pictures?

Ataturk’s Reform Program Nationalism Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara. Translate Qu’ran into Turkish Secularism  republican constitution, non-religious courts Modernization/westernization Compulsory, secular education. Banning the fez, adopt Western clothing. Western [Roman] script. Women unveiled given full citizenship and voting rights

Egypt Toward Modernization Suez Canal Goal: cut the travel distance to the east by creating a pathway through Mediterranean and Red Seas Egypt forced to sell shares Leads to foreign involvement Gains independence in 1922 but… Britain still remains in control

Oil Discovered! First discovered in Persia in 1908. the sheikh of Kuwait promises exclusive oil rights to the British. Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. In 1927, oil struck in Kirkuk, Iraq,

Oil Becomes the New International “Coin of the Realm!” American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gain oil concessions 1929 Bahrain 1933 Saudi Arabia.

Iran Modernizes Similar to Turkish reforms Movement toward secular government Rapid modernization Westernization

I R A N 1925, Rezah Khan declared himself SHAH of Iran created Pahlavi Dynasty. Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi 1953 supports coup against leftist prime minister Mossadeq CIA-sponsored dictatorship, westernization resented by Iranians 1979 Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini Fundamentalism Hostage crisis I R A N

Origins of Arab-Israeli Conflict

Main Ideas Division of Palestine after WWII made the Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist movements Conflicts in the Middle East threaten the stability of the world today.

Two Competing Groups Traditionally Muslim Arabs Israelis Traditionally Muslim Egypt and Palestine have biggest issues Different goals Palestinians want homeland Egyptians want to be most powerful country in Middle East. Traditionally Jewish Claimed Jewish land long before Arab settlement. Zionism Belief that Jews should have a homeland Jewish nationalism Two Competing Groups

Why in the Middle East? Remember: Judaism originates in the Middle East Historic Jewish Kingdoms had been present in this area long before Arab settlement

Issues of Contention for palestinians