Functional Groups In an organic molecule, a functional group is an atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way. Section 22-1

Organic Compounds Containing Halogens Any organic compound that contains a halogen substituent is called a halocarbon. An alkyl halide is an organic compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom. An aryl halide is an organic compound containing a halogen bonded to an aromatic group. Section 22-1

Substitution Reactions A substitution reaction is one in which one atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms Hydrogen atoms in an alkane can be replaced by atoms of halogens in a process called halogenation. Section 22-1

End of Section 22-1

Alcohols An oxygen-hydrogen group covalently bonded to a carbon atom is called a hydroxyl group. An organic compound in which a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen is called an alcohol. Section 22-2

Alcohol names are based on the alkane names, with the ending –ol. Alcohols (cont.) Denatured alcohol is ethanol with small amounts of noxious materials added to it. Alcohol names are based on the alkane names, with the ending –ol. Section 22-2

Ethers An ether is an organic compound containing an oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms. Section 22-2

Amines Amines contain nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in aliphatic chains or aromatic rings. Section 22-2

Amines have the suffix –amine. Amines (cont.) Amines are primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on if there are one, two, or three hydrogen atoms replaced by organic groups. Amines have the suffix –amine. Section 22-2

End of Section 22-2

Organic Compounds Containing the Carbonyl Group An oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom is a carbonyl group. Aldehydes are organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is located at the end of the carbon chain and is bonded to a carbon atom on one side and a hydrogen on the other side. Aldehydes are named with the suffix –al. Section 22-3

Organic Compounds Containing the Carbonyl Group (cont.) A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Section 22-3

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that have a carboxyl group. Carboxyl groups are carbonyls bonded to a hydroxyl group Section 22-3

Organic Compounds Derived from Carboxylic Acids An ester is any organic compound with a carboxyl group in which the hydrogen in the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkyl chain. Section 22-3

Organic Compounds Derived from Carboxylic Acids (cont.) An amide group is an organic compound in which the –OH group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen atom bonded to other atoms. Section 22-3

Condensation Reactions In a condensation reaction, two smaller organic molecules combine to form a more complex molecule, accompanied by the loss of a small molecule such as water. Section 22-3

End of Section 22-3

Classifying Reactions of Organic Substances (cont.) The formation of alkenes from alkanes is an elimination reaction, a reaction in which a combination of atoms is removed from two adjacent atoms forming an additional bond between the two carbon atoms. Section 22-4

Classifying Reactions of Organic Substances (cont.) A reaction that eliminates two hydrogen atoms is called a dehydrogenation reaction. Section 22-4

Classifying Reactions of Organic Substances (cont.) An elimination reaction in which the atoms removed form water is called a dehydration reaction. Section 22-4

Classifying Reactions of Organic Substances (cont.) Addition reactions result when other atoms bond to two atoms bonded by a double or triple covalent bonds. A hydration reaction is an addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group from a water molecule add to a double or triple bond. Section 22-4

Classifying Reactions of Organic Substances (cont.) A hydrogenation reaction involves the addition of hydrogen to atoms in a double or triple bond. Section 22-4

End of Section 22-4

The Age of Polymers Polymers are large molecules consisting of many repeating structural units. Section 22-5

Reactions Used to Make Polymers (cont.) A monomer is a molecule from which a polymer is made. A reaction in which monomer units are bonded together to form a polymer are called polymerization reactions. In addition polymerization all of the atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product. Section 22-5

Reactions Used to Make Polymers (cont.) Condensation polymerization takes place when monomers containing at least two functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually water. Section 22-5

Properties and Recycling of Polymers Thermoplastic polymers can be melted and molded repeatedly into shapes that are retained when cooled. Thermosetting polymers can be molded when first prepared, but cannot be remelted. Section 22-5