The Transition from Prehistory to “Civilization” In the Beginning The Transition from Prehistory to “Civilization”

I. Hunters and gatherers

A. What were the early humans like? tool _______ ______ makers Fire users (by 750,000 years ago) High and low context ___________ ______________ Highly developed _________ Spark of the divine?

B. What was the hunter-gatherer timeframe? Modern ___________ may have appeared as early as _________ years ago Hunter gatherer __________ occurred until 9000 BCE

C. What were the drawbacks to these early humans? Aggression Extended dependency period for babies ____________ health problems Awareness of _________

II. Life before agriculture

A. Periodization-Paleolithic 2.5 _______ years to 14,000 years ago. Simple _________ Use of fire latter half of ___________ Two distinct breeds of humans Homo erectus Homo Sapiens Sapiens

B. Developments of the Paleolithic No __________ societies Slow ___________ growth Short working day __________ between the sexes. Creating _________ and ________ tools, not simply found objects Artistic expression __________ rituals Eventual development of distinct ___________

C. Human Diaspora Origination in Africa; _______, Kenya, _______ Need for food led movement out _________ years ago _______ by circa 600,000 years ago ________ by circa 250,000 years ago ________ by circa 60,000 years ago Crossing ________ land bridge circa 30,000 years ago

D. Periodization-Mesolithic ________ stone age 12,000 to 8,000 BCE Manipulating tools: sharpen stone Utilized _______ Fishing increased due to log _____ and _______ Manufacture of _____ and ________ Specialization begins Large animal ________________ Population ________ accelerated Wars and _______ according to ______ record (broken bones)

III. The Agricultural revolution

A. Periodization- Neolithic Better _______ use More elaborate ______ structure Population growth and movement Invention of _________ Creation of _______

B. Causes of Agricultural Development End of ice age Climate caused _________ boom ________ yield declined By 9000 BCE, regular harvest of grains and berries began By 9000 BCE, humans started raising pigs ______, ______ and ______

C. Changes brought about by agricultural development __________ could settle in one area Elaborate _________ patterns emerged Population boom (8 million to 100 million in 3000 years) Economic _________ occurred _________ and ________ development Hunting and gathering replaced by a more ________ lifestyle This “revolution” took over 1000 years. Large animals and disease

D. Wealth led to specializations Need for storage led to development of _______ Water needs lead to increased scientific understandings of _______ and ______ patterns Need for tools led to _________ of metals

E. Periodization-Bronze age 4000 BCE metal tools were first discovered in the __________. ___________ was the first metal people worked. Bronze soon replaced copper due to its _______. Metal took over completely in the middle east by _________, though stone was still in use elsewhere. The Bronze Age led into the ________, around _________. We still essentially rely on _____ today.