Chapter 7: More Thought Patterns

Journal Topic What are transitions? What are thought patterns? What are examples of thought patterns?

Transitions Words and phrases that signal thought patterns They show the logical relationship within and between sentences

Thought Patterns Thought patterns are created by using transitions to show the relationship between ideas in a paragraph, passage, or textbook chapter. Some common patterns are: Time Order Pattern Space Order Pattern Listing Pattern Classification Pattern

More Thought Patterns Other common patterns are: Comparison-and-Contrast Cause-and-Effect Generalization-and-Example

Comparison-and-Contrast Comparison points out the ways in which two or more ideas are alike. “Writing, like farming, follows a planting, growing, and reaping cycle.” Contrast points out the ways in which two or more ideas are different. “Women differ from men in their styles of communication.”

Words & Phrases of Comparison (p. 297) Alike As As well as Equally In like manner In a similar fashion In a similar manner In the same way Just as Just like Like Likewise Resemble Same Similar Similarly

Words and Phrases of Contrast (p. 300) Although On the one hand Conversely To the contrary Nevertheless Differently At the same time In contrast Different Still On the contrary Even though Instead As opposed to On the other hand Difference Despite Yet But In spite of Different from

Combined Comparison-and-Contrast TASK: Read the following paragraph and write down any transitions that you notice. “Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

Comparison-and-Contrast “Although yoga and Pilates share similar characteristics, an important difference exists. Both yoga and Pilates are low-impact forms of exercise that improve posture, flexibility, and contraction. However, the primary goal of Pilates is to strengthen the midsection and buttocks. On the other hand, yoga does not focus on any one part of the body. Rather yoga works the opposing muscles of the entire body.”

Let’s Apply ER p. 299; Prac. 2 – Comparison ER p. 302; Prac. 4 – Contrast ER p. 305; Prac. 5 and 6 – Comparison and Contrast (DON’T FORGET TO ANNOTATE!!!)

Cause-and-Effect A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome. “Because Selena memorized the algebra formulas and practiced using them, she did well on the test.” “Due to the amount of snow on the streets and highways, schools and businesses have shut down.”

Cause-and-Effect Words p. 306 Because Consequently Accordingly Because of Leads to Results in As a result Due to If-then Since So Therefore Thus

Cause and Effect Patterns

Let’s Apply ER p. 307; Prac. 7 ER p. 311; Prac. 8 (annotate)

Generalization-and-Example Pattern In this pattern, the author makes a general statement and then offers an example or a series of examples to clarify the generalization. “As technology evolves, it saves time; for example, broadband Internet access cuts down on the time needed to access information on the World Wide Web.”

Words that Introduce Examples p. 313 an illustration for example for instance including once such as to illustrate typically

Let’s Apply ER p. 313; Prac. 10

Definition Pattern in Textbooks textbooks are full of new terms authors will often define new words and special terms and then give example

Definition Pattern Definition signal words: Example signal words: Is Are Means “Emblems are body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases.” Example signal words: For example Such as “For example, a person may give up a high-paying job in the city to take a lower- paying job in a small town.”

Let’s Apply ER p. 318; Prac. 12 ER p. 321; Prac. 14 – all thought patterns

Which pattern is it? “When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.” __cause-and-effect __comparison-and-contrast __definition-and-example

Which pattern is it? “When stock prices fully reflect information that is available to investors, the stock market is efficient; in contrast, when the stock prices do not reflect all information, the stock market is inefficient.” __cause-and-effect X comparison-and-contrast __definition-and-example

Quiz Time - Chapter Review ER p. 321 – 322

Chapter Review Comparison points out the ways two or more ideas are alike. Contrast points out the ways two or more ideas are different. The words like, similarly, and likewise show the comparison pattern. A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome. An author will often begin with a cause and then give the effects. The phrases as a result, leads to, and therefore show the cause- and-effect pattern. Example words signal that a writer is giving an instance of a general idea to clarify a point. A definition explains the meaning of a new, difficult or special term. Examples follow a definition to show how the word is used or applied.

Practice ER p. 325 – 326; Review Test 1 A, B