Frontiers in Exoplanet Research Michael Endl

There are ~200 billion stars in our galaxy… …one of them is our Sun.

Are there other planets in the universe? How do planets form? Is there another Earth out there? SCRIPT: Are there other planets in the universe? Is there another Earth out there? ----------------------- WHAT’S ON THE SLIDE: The crew of Apollo 8 took this picture of the Earth above the lunar surface in December 1968. EXTRAS: The horizon, about 570 kilometers (250 statute miles) from the spacecraft, is near the eastern limb (edge) of the Moon as viewed from the Earth. 2

Planets in the Making:

Planet Population Statistics for periods < 85 days!

What are these small planets? Mass versus radius relation for small planets. The solid lines are homogeneous compositions: water ice (solid blue), MgSiO3 perovskite (solid red), and iron (magenta). The non-solid lines are mass–radius relations for differentiated planets: 75% water ice, 22% silicate shell and 3% iron core (dashed blue); Ganymede-like with 45% water ice, 48.5% silicate shell and 6.5% iron core (dot-dashed blue); 25% water ice, 52.5% silicate shell and 22.5% iron core (dotted blue); approximately Earth-like with 67.5% silicate mantle and 32.5% iron core (dashed red); and Mercury-like with 30% silicate mantle and 70% iron core (dotted red). The dashed magenta curve corresponds to the density limit from a formation model. Point out the 55 Cnc e point will move to a mass of 8.37 +/- 0.38 Earth masses – in next slide Super-Earths F Fressin et al. Nature 482, 195 (2012) 7

Ocean Planets Sotin, Grasset, Mocquet 2007 Note that the “ocean” is really a high-pressure form of “ice” and not liquid water.

Kepler is looking for EARTH-SIZE habitable planets. 9

Atmospheric Characterization:

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT):