The work due in for today is: FLIP LEARNING TASK: Create a piece of revision material that looks at securing the succession. You should use your revision guide page 52 and also the new textbook, pages 93-94. There will now be a quiz to check your learning. The work due in for today is:

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To what extent did Henry achieve his aims in foreign policy? Good learning: Explain the reasons behind Henry’s change in foreign policy Great learning: Evaluate how successful his foreign policy was in his latter years Even better: Evaluate to what extent Henry was able to achieve his aims in foreign policy Key Words: How did relations with foreign powers change and how was the succession secured?

What are the reasons for Henry changing his approach to his foreign policy? In the final years of Henry VIII’s reign mark a distinct contrast with the experience of the previous decade. In the 1530s the focus of foreign policy had been to minimise the response of foreign powers to the break from Rome. In the 1540s Henry returned to the aggressive foreign policy which had characterised the early years of his reign, launching attacks on both Scotland and Ireland. But why was this? Historians have attempted to come up with different answers, but they are struggling to agree. 1. Writing in 1902, Albert pollard argues that Henry’s main purpose was the conquest of Scotland, as part of a project to create a united British Isles. 3. In 1968 John Scarisbrick, in his biography of Henry VIII, argue that Henry was primarily motivated once again by the lure of glory and territorial gains in France; in that context, therefore, the invasion of Scotland was essential to ensure that the Anglo-Scottish border remained secure once an invasion of France was launched. 2. In 1966 R.B. Wernham, like Pollard, saw Henry’s foreign policy being primarily about Scotland. However he believes that his approach was fundamentally defensive, given the threat to English security which Scotland represented in the event of full-scale war against France, and the fear that King James V might threaten the English throne were henry to die whilst Prince Edward was still young. 4. Michael Bush has attempted to disentangle Scotland from France by arguing that Henry was motivated mainly by his desire to punish his nephew James V for a number of presumed offences: harbouring English rebels, twice marrying French princesses, ignoring pressure from Henry to break with Rome and failing to turn up to a meeting arranged with henry at York.

Which interpretation do you agree with the most and why? What are the reasons for Henry changing his approach to his foreign policy? Your table must now divide up and go to collect the evidence from the other groups. You must complete the worksheet for your particular section and then come back to share that information with your original group. Which interpretation do you agree with the most and why? Task: You will now be divided in to groups of 4 and will explore one of the different interpretations and come with arguments to support it using the information on pages 91-92. You will need to create a teaching resource that you can use to teach other groups. 1. Writing in 1902, Albert pollard argues that Henry’s main purpose was the conquest of Scotland, as part of a project to create a united British Isles. 3. In 1968 John Scarisbrick, in his biography of Henry VIII, argue that Henry was primarily motivated once again by the lure of glory and territorial gains in France; in that context, therefore, the invasion of Scotland was essential to ensure that the Anglo-Scottish border remained secure once an invasion of France was launched. 2. In 1966 R.B. Wernham, like Pollard, saw Henry’s foreign policy being primarily about Scotland. However he believes that his approach was fundamentally defensive, given the threat to English security which Scotland represented in the event of full-scale war against France, and the fear that King James V might threaten the English throne were henry to die whilst Prince Edward was still young. 4. Michael Bush has attempted to disentangle Scotland from France by arguing that Henry was motivated mainly by his desire to punish his nephew James V for a number of presumed offences: harbouring English rebels, twice marrying French princesses, ignoring pressure from Henry to break with Rome and failing to turn up to a meeting arranged with Henry at York. Good learning Explain the reasons behind Henry’s change in foreign policy Great learning Evaluate how successful his foreign policy was in his latter years Even better Evaluate to what extent Henry was able to achieve his aims in foreign policy

Overall how successful? How successful was his foreign policy in his latter years? TASK: Using your worksheet and the information in the textbook, you need to explain how successful foreign policy was in relation to each country. Complete the grid below to show how successful his foreign policy was in his latter years. Scotland France Successes Failures Overall how successful? Good learning Explain the reasons behind Henry’s change in foreign policy Great learning Evaluate how successful his foreign policy was in his latter years Even better Evaluate to what extent Henry was able to achieve his aims in foreign policy

Overall, did Henry meet his aims in foreign policy? To what extent did Henry achieve his foreign policy aims? Overall, did Henry meet his aims in foreign policy? Henry was extremely knowledgeable on foreign affairs, as all foreign ambassadors commented. He did achieve successes at the beginning and end of his reign , but they were few. The long ‘middle’ period was dominated by his quarrel with the Pope over the divorce question and the repercussions of that flowered from that in the 1530s. The extent of his achievements in the 1540s is debateable. England was not a powerful country in Europe and its geographical position on the edge of the continent meant that it wasn’t needed to help deal with issues such as the Turks or the trouble in Italy. England were at the mercy of alliances made on the continent. Henry was also limited because of the shortage of money to fight expensive wars. Henry’s aims in foreign policy Extent to which he met this aim (?/10) Pursuing an active foreign policy against the French, reviving dreams of conquering France Gaining honour and glory, in the style of medieval monarch, esp. against Charles V and Francis I Maintaining good trade links with the Netherlands Statesman-peacemaker of Europe Securing his dynasty through foreign marriages Task: Make a copy of the table and explain to what extent Henry was able to achieve each of his aims. Good learning Explain the reasons behind Henry’s change in foreign policy Great learning Evaluate how successful his foreign policy was in his latter years Even better Evaluate to what extent Henry was able to achieve his aims in foreign policy

The work due in for next lesson is as follows: FLIP LEARNING TASK: Complete the diamond 9 activity on page 53 of your revision guide Plan your answer (could be a grid, fishbone diagram, etc) to the following question OR you could have a go at writing it. To what extent was Henry VIII responsible for the failures of the English foreign policy during his reign? TIP: The question is asking you to weigh up his personal responsibility against other factors. These could include responsibility of other individuals (such as his ministers – i.e. Wolsey or political rivals – i.e. Francis I). You could also consider other factors such as the underlying national weakness in comparison to other countries. The work due in for next lesson is as follows: