Chapter 2: The Muslim World

Muslim World World 1300 Osman founds Ottoman State 1398 Timur the Lame destroys Delhi 1453 Ottomans capture Constantinople 1501 Safavids conquer Persia 1526 Babur founds Mughal Empire 1587 Shah Abbas I rules Safavid Empire 1632 Shah Jahan orders construction of Taj Mahal World 1325 Aztecs build Tenochtitlan 1455 Gutenberg prints the Bible 1522 Magellan’s crew sails around the world 1603 Tokugawa regime begins in Japan 1607 British settle in North America at Jamestown

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire (Section 1) By 1300, the Byzantine Empire was declining Anatolia was inhabited mostly by descendants of nomadic Turks Had a long history of invading other countries United by a strong central power : A small Turkish state occupied land between the Byzantine Empire and that of the Muslims A strong leader would emerge to unite the Turks into what eventually would become an immense empire stretching across three continents

Turks Move into Byzantium Ghazis: Anatolian Turks who saw themselves as warriors for Islam Formed military societies under the leadership of an emir, a chief commander, and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct Raided the territories of people who lived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire Osman: The most successful ghazi. Known in the west as Othman Followers known as Ottomans. Built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 Successors expanded it by buying land, forming alliances with some emirs, and conquering others

Turks Move into Byzantium Cont. Ottoman’s military success based on the use of gunpowder Replaced their archers on horseback with musket carrying foot soldiers Among the first people to use cannons as weapons of attack Could defeat even heavily-walled cities Orkhan I: Osman’s son and the second Ottoman leader Named himself sultan, meaning “overlord” or “one with power” 1361: Captured Adrianople, the second most important city in the Byzantine Empire Ottomans acted wisely towards the people that they conquered Ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan and improved the lives of the peasants Most Muslims required to serve in Turkish armies and make contributions required by their faith Non-Muslims did not have to serve in the army, but had to pay for their exemption with a small tax

Turks Move into Byzantium Cont. Rise of the Ottoman Empire briefly halted by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samarkland in Central Asia Timur the Lame Burned Baghdad in present-day Iraq to the ground Crushed the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 Halted expansion of their empire

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Timur turned his attention to China and left the area War broke out between four of the sultan’s (Bayezid I) sons Mehmed I defeated his brothers and took the throne His son, Murad II, defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and overcame an army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans Was the first of four powerful sultans who led the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through 1566

Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror) Conquers Constantinople Came to power in 1451, Constantinople had shrunk from 1 million to 50,000 Still dominated the Bosporus Strait Would cut the Ottomans off their Asian territories from the Balkans

Mehmed II Conquers Cont. “Give me Constantinople!” 1453: Mehmed’s Turkish forces began firing on the city walls with cannons Chain set up across the Golden Horn between the Bosporous Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept Ottoman’s out Dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners from the Bosporous to the harbor Attacking from two sides Battles went on for 7 weeks until the Turks found a break in the wall and entered the city Mehmed II was a good ruler Opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. Rebuilt the city known today as Istanbul

Ottoman’s Take Islam’s Holy Cities Mehmed’s grandson, Selim the Grim, came to power in 1512 as an effective sultan and great general 1514: Defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran Took over areas in Syria, Palestine, and North Africa Took the cities of Mecca, Medina, and Cairo (intellectual center of the Muslim world). Egypt was just a province under the control of the Ottomans.

Suleyman the Lawgiver Was a great military leader 1520: Suleyman I (Selim’s son) become sultan and rules for 46 years Known as Suleyman the Lawgiver to his people and Suleyman the Great to the West Was a great military leader Conquered Belgrade in 1521 and the next year, island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean Dominated the entire eastern Mediterranean Conquered Tripoli in Northern Africa and continued to move along the North African coast Only controlled the coastal cities, but through this were able to control trade routes to the interior of the continent

Suleyman the Lawgiver 1526: Suleyman advanced in Hungary and Austria Sent central Europe into a panic Pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Had waged war with central Europeans, North Africans, and Central Asians Most powerful monarch on earth

Suleyman the Lawgiver Cont. Highly structured Social Organization Massive empire needed efficient government and social organization Suleyman created a law code to handle both criminal and civil actions Simplified and limited taxes Systemized and reduced government bureaucracy Bettered the lives of most citizens

Suleyman the Lawgiver Cont. Sultan’s 20,000 personal slaves were a part of a policy called devshirme Drafted boys from the peoples of conquered Christian territories Educated them, converted them to Islam, and trained them as soldiers Elite force of 30,000 soldiers, known as janissaries was trained to be loyal only to the sultan The heart of the Ottoman war machine Christian families sometimes bribed officials to take their children into the sultan’s service because the brightest could move up in government or military positions Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law Granted freedom of worship to other religious communities, particularly to Christians and Jews Treated them as millets (nations) Each millet chose their own religious laws and practices Head of the millets reported to the sultans and his staff Kept conflict based on religion to a minimum

Suleyman the Lawgiver Cont. Suleyman studied poetry, history, geography astronomy, mathematics, and architecture Employed one of the world’s finest architects, Sinan, to build the Mosque of Suleyman Includes four schools, a library, a bath, and a hospital Art and Literature flourished Similar to the European Renaissance Painters and poets looked to Persia and Arabia for inspiration Used foreign influences to express Ottoman ideas in the Turkish style Cultural blending

Decline of the Ottoman Empire Suleyman killed his ablest son and drove another into exile Third, incompetent son took the throne- Selim II Suleyman set the pattern for later sultans to gain power Customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled Sultan would keep his sons prisoners and keep them from education and any contact with the world Led to a long line of weak sultans who ruined the empire Continued to influence the world into the early 20th century