Unit 11: The Atmosphere& Weather (Part 1) 15 CHAPTER Unit 11: The Atmosphere& Weather (Part 1)

Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere The air we breathe and all the weather we see is contained in the lowest 1% of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Properties of the Atmosphere Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Properties of the Atmosphere “Dry” Atmosphere Composition: _______________(N2) _______________ (O2) ___ other gases (including __________________) *The atmosphere also contains ___________ 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Argon & Carbon Dioxide Water Vapor

Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Temperature Atmospheric Layers 4 Major Layers: _______________ Changes in _____________ separate the layers Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Temperature

Troposphere 7 miles decreases 0-11km (________) above Earth’s surface Lowest layer of the atmosphere Temperature _________________ with increasing altitude decreases

Troposphere weather Tropopause Includes all __________, (i.e. clouds & thunderstorms) ________________ - boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere weather Tropopause

7-31 miles Jet Planes Ozone Layer Stratosphere 11-50km (____________) above Earth’s surface Second layer of the atmosphere Most ____________ travel here ______________ is located here 7-31 miles Jet Planes Ozone Layer

increases ozone UV Rays Stratopause Stratosphere Temperature ____________ with increasing altitude This temperature increase is due to the ________ that absorbs & scatters the suns ___________ ________________ – boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere increases ozone UV Rays Stratopause

Mesosphere 31-50 miles Meteors 50-80km (_____________) above Earth’s surface Third layer of the atmosphere __________headed to Earth usually burn up in the mesosphere 31-50 miles Meteors

Mesosphere decreases Mesopause Temperature ______________ with increasing altitude Coldest layer ______________ – boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere decreases Mesopause

Thermosphere + 50 miles increases Solar radiation +80km (_____________) above Earth’s surface Fourth and outermost layer of the atmosphere Temperature ___________ with increasing altitude Extremely high temperatures due to ___________________ + 50 miles increases Solar radiation

Particles are so spread out Thermosphere Very difficult to measure the temperature because the ___________________________________. Disturbances in the thermosphere produce the aurora borealis or __________________. Particles are so spread out Northern Lights

Transfer of Heat in the Troposphere What are some ways that you can heat up an object?

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Conduction ______________ - The transfer of heat through matter by _________________ Molecules __________ & _______________________ from one molecule to another Occurs between Earth’s __________ and the molecules in the ____ in direct contact with it Direct Contact Collide Energy is Transferred Direct Contact surface air

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere *Heat moves from a _________ substance to a _________ substance WARMER COLDER

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Convection _______________ - The transfer of heat by the ____________________ within a substance. Air is heated near Earth’s surface and becomes _______________ so the cool, more dense, air sinks down and pushes the ___________ up Movement of currents Less dense Warm air Currents

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere *Remember that… Convection creates _______ in the atmosphere Warm, less dense air rises and cold, more dense air sinks! wind

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Radiation ________________ - The transfer of heat through space by electromagnetic waves Heat travels from the ______________________ by radiation __________________of the atmosphere comes from radiation sun to Earth’s surface Most Heating Energy Waves

Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Lesson 15.1 Earth’s Atmosphere Heat Transfer in the Troposphere Radiation _________ ___________ Conduction __________ Convection

Water in the Atmosphere

Water exists in the atmosphere as: Water vapor Gas  ___________________ Solid  ____________________ Liquid ____________________ Ice Crystals Water Droplets

Melting Absorbs heat Freezing Loses Heat Changing States Melting Solid to liquid: __________ Ice _________________ and turns to liquid Absorbs heat Freezing Liquid to solid: ___________ Water _____________, and turns to ice Loses Heat

released absorbed Changing States Condensation Evaporation Gas to liquid: ____________________ Heat is ____________ into surroundings Condensation released Liquid to Gas: _____________ (Boiling) Heat is _____________ from surrounding Evaporation absorbed

Sublimation Absorbed Deposition Released Changing States Solid to gas: ___________________ Heat _____________ Sublimation Absorbed Gas to solid: _______________ Heat _____________ Deposition Released

Water vapor Humidity saturated maximum temperature The amount of ________________ in the atmosphere is called ____________. Air is “______________” when it contains the ______________ amount of water vapor possible at a given _______________ Water vapor Humidity saturated maximum temperature

Moving fastest can break free Humidity The maximum amount of water vapor in the atmosphere depends on the _________________ of the water. Evaporation increases with temperature because the molecules in the water ___________ and the ones that are _________________________________ and become gas temperature Speed up Moving fastest can break free

higher more Humidity High Temperature Low Temperature The _________ the temperature of the water, the ________ water molecules will enter the air more High Temperature Low Temperature

evaporating condensing Humidity Some are escaping (_____________) from the water and some are coming back to the water (_____________) at any given point Equilibrium occurs when…. This determines the maximum possible amount of water vapor in the atmosphere at a given temperature (air is “__________”) evaporating condensing The rate of molecules evaporating is equal to the rate of molecules condensing saturated

100 hold* Relative Humidity Saturation In the atmosphere Relative Humidity is the amount of water _________________ compared to how much water the air can ________ at a given temperature Indicates how near the air is to “____________” ________________ X = Relative Humidity *Its really not about the air temperature but more about the water temperature… In the atmosphere hold* Saturation 100 Actual Moisture Maximum Moisture

warmer higher Hot vs. Cold The __________ the temperature, the __________ the maximum water vapor By changing the temperature you can increase or decrease the relative humidity Constant water vapor and higher temp = ______________ Constant water vapor and lower temp = ______________ Lower RH Higher RH

Warm, saturated air contains [more or less] water vapor than cold, saturated air

Examples Air temperature (°C) Max water vapor in air 30 degrees 30 grams per cubic meter of air 20 degrees 17 grams per cubic meter of air 10 degrees 9 grams per cubic meter of air Ex. 1) If the air temperature is 30°C and the air contains 6 grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air, what is the relative humidity? Ex. 2) If the air temperature is 10°C and the air contains 6 grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air, what is the relative humidity? 20% 66.7%

“feels” like lower higher Heat Index Determines what the air temperature ________________. High air temp + low RH = air temp feels __________ than it really is High air temp + high RH = air temp feels ____________ than it really is “feels” like lower higher

Heat Index

temperature saturation 100 below condense dew frost Dew Point temperature Dew point – __________________ to which air must be cooled to reach “__________________” Relative Humidity = ______% If the temperature drops _________ the dew point then the moisture in the air can begin to ______________ and form _________ (> 0 C) or ________ (< 0 C) saturation 100 below condense dew frost

Examples Air temperature (°C) Max water vapor in air 30 degrees 30 grams per cubic meter of air 20 degrees 17 grams per cubic meter of air 10 degrees 9 grams per cubic meter of air Ex. 1) If the air temperature is 30°C and the air contains 9 grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air, what is the dew point? What is the relative humidity? Ex. 2) If the air temperature is 10°C and the air contains 9 grams of water vapor per cubic meter of air, what is the dew point? What is the relative humidity? 10°C 30% 100% 10°C

high small low large Dew Point If humidity is ________, a __________ temperature drop will reach dew point. If humidity is ______, a ________ temperature drop will reach dew point. high small low large

Dew Point Question #1: If the dew point is reached (AKA relative humidity = 100%) will it always begin to rain? Question #2: If the dew is reached (AKA relative humidity = 100%) will a cloud always form? NO!! NO!!

Clouds Water Cloud - Visible mass of tiny _________ droplets or _____ particles suspended in the atmosphere. ice

Water vapor surface Dust, salt, smoke Clouds 3 variables must be present for clouds to form: 1) ________________: air must be saturated (at equilibrium vapor pressure). 2) Cool temperatures: air must be cooled to the ____________. 3) Condensation nuclei*: provides a __________ for condensation to occur. The particles attract water Ex. : ______________________. Water vapor Dew Point surface Dust, salt, smoke

rises cools Dew point Base Cloud formation rises As warm air _________ and expands due to the lower pressure, it ___________. When air reaches a level where its temperature is lower than ________________, net condensation occurs to form a cloud. The level where condensation forms is called the condensation level. The ________ of the cloud forms here cools Dew point Base

Mountains What causes air to rise? __________________ (Orographic Lifting) - Air hits mountains and is forced up

Frontal Wedging What causes air to rise? __________________________ - cool air acts as barrier over which warmer, less dense air rises

Convergence What causes air to rise? ______________________- as air of the same density collides since it cannot be forced down, it is forced up

Localized Convection What causes air to rise? __________________________________ - unequal heating of the Earth causes differences in density

Cloud Types

FORM Cirrus Cumulus Stratus Nimbus Cloud Types Clouds are classified on the basis of their form and height. FORM _________ – “hair like”, high altitude, wispy _____________ – “pile/pillow”, rounded ___________ – “ layer”, sheets or layered, no distinction between individual clouds ___________ - rain cloud Cirrus Cumulus Stratus Nimbus

HEIGHT Cirrus Alto Stratus Cloud Types High Clouds (Above 6000m) - Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus What do you notice? Middle Clouds (2000-6000m) - Altostratus, altocumulus Low Clouds (below 2000m) - Stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus Cirrus Alto Stratus

High Clouds Cirrus Cirrostratus Cirrocumulus

Middle Clouds Altocumulus Altostratus

Low Clouds Stratus Stratocumulus Nimbostratus

Do not fit into one layer Vertical Clouds Do not fit into one layer Some clouds __________________________________, these clouds can build to towering heights. _______________ – puffy cloud usually found at low & middle cloud levels __________________________- formed from rising of unstable air Often associated with thunder, lightning, and ________ Cumulus Cumulonimbus Hail

Cumulonimbus

_________________ Cloud – Occasionally found with cumulonimbus clouds Mammatus _________________ Cloud – Occasionally found with cumulonimbus clouds

3 5 12 4 2 6 7 1 8 9 10 11

Fog Fog surface _________ – a cloud at the _____________ of the Earth

radiation Fog 4 types of fog: Radiation fog: sometimes called ground or valley fog. Results from loss of heat by _______________. Cold air drains into low lying areas; valleys. Occurs mostly in fall and winter. Main type for Rocky Mount area. radiation

Fog Steam fog: forms when cool air moves over a ___________________________; common over rivers and lakes. Example: Tar River, Jacuzzis/hot tub Hot body of water

Advection 4 Types of Fog Cold surface ________________ fog: forms when warm, moist air moves across a __________________. Found along coasts; ex. San Francisco, New England Cold surface

Up-slope upward 4 Types of Fog: ______________ fog: formed by the lifting and cooling of air as it rises __________ along land slopes. Found in mountainous areas. upward

moisture surface Precipitation Any ____________ that falls from the air to the earth’s ____________. moisture surface

Bergeron Lower Heavy How rain forms _____________ Process ____________ pressure around ice crystals causes ice to grow It becomes __________ enough to fall Lower Heavy

Collision Coalescence bump How rain forms Collision 2) ____________- ________________ Water Molecules _________ into one another More drops are added Splat Coalescence bump

What does a rain drop look like?

Types of Precipitation What kind of precipitation you receive depends upon ______________________ on the way down __________: smaller water droplets Air Temperatures Drizzle

Types of Precipitation What kind of precipitation you receive depends upon air temperatures on the way down _______: water is melted when it hits ground Rain

Types of Precipitation What kind of precipitation you receive depends upon air temperatures on the way down ________: water is frozen and stays frozen Snow

Types of Precipitation What kind of precipitation you receive depends upon air temperatures on the way down __________: water freezes in mid-fall Sleet

Types of Precipitation What kind of precipitation you receive depends upon air temperatures on the way down _______________________ (glaze): water freezes upon impact Freezing Rain

Types of Precipitation What kind of precipitation you receive depends upon air temperatures on the way down _______: water is frozen as pellets and pellets grow in clouds. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-o4tr2Db2s Hail