Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction- involves only one parent, produces a new organism genetically identical to the parent.

Sexual Reproduction- involves the production and fusion of sperm and egg (1 or 2 parents), produces variation in offspring.

Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction # of parents Gametes produced? Genetic Variety? Time needed to produce offspring

Asexual Reproduction Only 1 Parent-All Kingdoms 1 Asexual Reproduction Only 1 Parent-All Kingdoms 1. Binary Fission/Mitosis-one cell divides into two cells…

Binary Fission/Mitosis allows for no genetic variability!

Bacteria- Binary Fission- splitting into 2

How fast can bacteria reproduce?

Exponential growth 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512

Single celled Eukaryotes- Mitosis (nucleus breaks apart and reforms 2 nuclei in 2 different cells)

2. Budding-offspring begins to develop on the parents body and then fragments off the original parent-Hydra

Figure 46.1 Two from one: asexual reproduction of a sea anemone (Anthopleura elegantissima)

3. Vegetative Propagation producing new plants from existing vegetative structures,

4. Fragmentation the body of the parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring Sea Stars

Sponges

5. Regeneration if a piece of a parent is detached, it can regrow

6. Parthenogenesis An unfertilized egg develops into an adult Parthenogenesis: Aphids, honeybees, lizards

7. Spore Formation Are produced by many organisms(algae, fungi, bacteria) Contain DNA, Cytoplasm & tough outer wall-protects it from drying out.

When conditions are favorable-spores germinate & grow

Sexual Reproduction

Simple Sexual Reproduction Conjugation: sexual process in some simple organisms in which genetic material is transferred by cell to cell contact. 1. Kingdom Protist: Algae ex: Chlamydamonas Alternation of generations: both haploid and diploid generations exist

asexual n Sexual conjugation 2n zygospore

Chlamydomonas- (green algae) Reproduces asexually most of the time, it can also reproduce sexually under certain environmental conditions.

2. Kingdom Fungi Conjugation occurs between different hypha Bread Mold

3. Kingdom Eubacteria: prokaryotes Not a true form of sexual reproduction Plasmid: pieces of genetic material transferred from one bacteria to another Form a connecting bridge of cytoplasm (pilus)

Stamens & Carpels

Pollination/Fertilization

Plant life cycles 2 Stages- alternation of generations. Sporophyte-is the diploid (2n) stage that produces spores by meiosis Gametophyte-is the haploid(n) stage that produces gametes by mitosis (pollen, ovule)

Sexual Reproduction Pollen production

In the female gametophyte-2 haploid nuclei go to the center-polar nuclei & 1 egg.

Male Gametophyte is in the pollen on the anther. Female Gametophyte is in the ovule in the ovary.

Parts of a Flower Stigma Petal Style Sepal Filament Anther ovary 8. Structures 1, 3, & 7 make up the structured female structure called the 9. Structures 5 & 6 make up the male structure called the 10. The ovule(s) is found within the 11. Which structure is the site of pollen production? 12. Which structure is the recipient of the pollen? 13. Which structure protects the reproductive parts and attracts pollinators? 14. The structure that will eventually become a fruit is the 15. The structure that holds the anther upright is the 16. Does a plant produce more pollen or more ovules? Explain.

Double Fertilization

Double Fertilization-1 sperm fertilizes the central cell (future endosperm), other fertilizes the egg (future embryo) Double fertilization

Sexual Reproduction Female Gametophyte What is 3n? 2n? What part will become food for the new embryo?

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction in Animals For almost all animals, the organism is always diploid Only the gametes are haploid

Some animals may be able to reproduce either asexually or sexually, like the sponges. More complex animals, it is sexual reproduction that is predominant.

Gametes are produced in the sex organs –gonads Sperm is produced in the testes Eggs are produced in the ovaries. Gametes are made through the process of meiosis

Among simpler organisms, both kinds of sex organs develop in the same individual. These animals are called hermaphrodites

Why would separate sexes be an adaptation? MORE VARIETY

Fertilization Sperm + Egg

There are 2 types of fertilization Internal Fertilization- External Fertilization-

Figure 46.0 Frogs mating

Figure 46.4 The release of eggs and external fertilization

Sexual Reproduction External fertilization Large numbers of gametes Synchronized release of gametes Mating behaviors Do animals that use external fertilization exhibit parental care?

External Fertilization External: - little or no care for young, many offspring, external fertilization and external development, young dispersed widely, can repopulate a niche quickly

Spawning External fertilization

Video clip from s drive

Sexual Reproduction Internal fertilization Many male, few female gametes Mating behaviors (courtship, estrous cycles) Parental care Few offspring

Internal Fertilization Internal care for young, generally few offspring at once, internal fertilization - shelled eggs or live birth.

Figure 46.0x1 Utethesia ornatrix mating

Figure 46.0x2 Red beetles mating

Figure 46.x1 Aphid giving live birth

Figure 46.3 Sex reversal in a sequential hermaphrodite

External vs. Internal Fertilization

Figure 46.12 Structure of a human sperm cell

Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male

Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male (continued)

Sexual Reproduction Male Reproductive Structures Identify: Bladder Penis Urethra Testes Epididymus Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral gland Prostate Rectum Scrotum Seminiferous tubules Male Reproductive Structures What is the function of each?

Male Secondary Sex Characteristics Increased Musculature Deeper Voice (Larynx) Pubic Hair Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis Everyday millions of Stem cells in the Seminiferous tubules Undergo meiosis.

Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female

Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (continued)

Sexual Reproduction Female Reproductive Structures Identify: Bladder Oviduct Ovary Uterus Cervix Vagina Pubic bone Urethra Rectum What is the function of each structure?

Sexual Reproduction Another look Please label. Where does fertilization take place? Implantation? Where does the fetus develop?

Figure 46.13b Oogenesis

Figure 46.16 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events

Estrogen production During puberty the pituatary gland produces FSH . Stimulates the follicle cells to produce Estrogen.

Estrogen controls Female Secondary Sex Characteristics Adipose deposits (Breasts) Widen Pelvic girdle Pubic hair Onset of the Menstrual cycle

Menstrual Cycle-4 phases Menstruation: Day 1-5-uterine lining is shed because no pregnancy. Follicle phase: Day 6-13-Estrogen levels rise & stimulate 1 ovum to mature. Ovulation: Day 14-hormone levels peak & the ovum is released from the ovary. Luteal Phase-Day 15-28 Follicle cells become corpus luteum-produce progesterone-builds up endometrium.

Figure 46.15 The reproductive cycle of the human female

Spawning in Fish

Fertilization-The first sperm to reach the ovum uses the acrosome to penetrate the membrane and then forms a fertilization membrane so no other can penetrate.

Implantation Phase

Cleavage Begins

Somites, Leg & Arm buds

Amnion & Yolk Sac

Fetal Membranes

Human Fetus

Fetus sucking thumb

Vernix caseosa & lanugo 24 Weeks

3 Stages of Delivery

Hormonal control of labor