Equilibrium fractionation

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Presentation transcript:

Equilibrium fractionation h=1 vapor liquid [18O/16O] equilibrium a18Owater-vapor = [18O/16O]water/[18O/16O]vapor > 1 h: relative humidity

Rayleigh distillation 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 f (fraction of liquid water remaining) d18O (‰) h=1 vapor liquid [18O/16O] evaporation equilibrium fraction of water remaining relative humidity h :

Kinetic fractionation Similar for 18O and 2H Depends on relative humidity and roughness of the ocean h<1 vapor liquid [18O/16O] non-equilibrium

first rain ocean water second rain evaporation third rain evaporation of surface water kinetic frac. first vapor, equilibrium

Evaporation slopes:

d18O, d2H influenced by: local temperature amount of precipitation altitude moisture transport pattern distance from coast (continental effect) evaporation Mixing with ocean water ………..

Rainout as function of temperature

Temperature effect Dansgaard, 1964

Amount effect IAEA, 1982

Global Network Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) IAEA (2001). GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. http://isohis.iaea.org

IAEA (2001). GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. http://isohis.iaea.org