Physical Limits Chip designers are running up against the laws of physics. Ten years from now, chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a trillion operations.

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Presentation transcript:

Physical Limits Chip designers are running up against the laws of physics. Ten years from now, chips will run at 30 GHz and complete a trillion operations per second. Unfortunately, with today's design technologies, those chips would be putting out the same amount of heat, proportionally, as a nuclear power plant.

Physical Limits & CPUs We have “hit the wall” of physics in our CPU clock speeds Intel announced in 2004 that it would not attempt to make processors that run at speeds greater than 3.6 GHZ Future CPUs will have multiple “Cores” to increase performance and bandwidth

Future Computers Few argue that the next generation of computers will be nearly invisible, meaning that they will blend in with everyday objects. Flexible ink-like circuitry will be printed onto plastic or sprayed onto various other substrates, such as clothes.

Wearable Computers-Now

Wearable Computers-future?

Wearable Computers

Wearables

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Simple adding machine? Dr. Roberto Guatelli made a replica for IBM in 1968. Disputed.

John Napier, 1617 ”Napier’s Bones”

Calculating with Napier’s Bones 46785399 times 96431: Also: Division, Extraction of square roots

(example, circular sliderules) Edmund Gunter, ~1620 The ”Calculating Line” (early sliderule) Lengths from origin proportional to the logarithms of the registered numbers Used in conjunction with a compass to multiply & divide Sliderules popular to ~1970 (example, circular sliderules)

Wilhelm Schickard, 1623 ”Calculating Clock” First automatic calculator Used by Kepler to calculate astronomical tables Incorporates Napier’s Bones Adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides six-digit numbers (with carry) Overflow indicated by ringing a bell

Replica of a Schickard machine Made by Freddy Haeghens (recently)

Blaise Pascal, 1645 The Pascaline Add, Subtract Expensive, not very popular (~50 made) Production stopped in 1652

Sam Morland,1666 Little improvement over Pascals Machine

Gottfried von Leibniz, 1671 Stepped Reckoner Add, subtract, multiply, divide and evaluate square roots

Christian-Ludovicus Gersten, 1735

Parson Phillip Matthäus Hahn, 1770

And so on… Lord Mahon, Earl of Stanhope, 1775 Abraham Stern, 1814 Charles Xavier Thomas, 1821 Charles Babbage*, 1823 Didier Roth, 1841 Ada Lovelace*, 1842-43 I. A. Staffel, 1845 C. H. Webb, 1868

Joseph Marie Jacquard, 1804 French silk weaver and inventor Used ideas by inventor Jacques de Vaucanson to make a loom automated with punched cards; The Jaquard Loom