HYDRO POWER PLANT

INTRODUCTION HYDRO POWER 1) One of the most widely used renewable source of energy for generating electricity on large scale basis is hydropower 2) The power obtained from river or ocean water is called as hydropower 3) Hydropower is the renewable source of energy since water is available in large quantities from rain, rivers, and oceans and this is will be available for unlimited time to come

HISTORY - Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flour - In the 1700's, hydropower was broadly used for milling of lumber and grain and for pumping irrigation water - Appleton, Wisconsin became the first operational hydroelectric generating station in the United States, in 1882, producing 12.5 kilowatts (kW) of power - The total electrical capacity generated was equivalent to 250 lights - The largest and last masonry dam built by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was the Roosevelt Dam in Arizona between 1905-1911; its power output has increased from 4,500 kW to 36,000 kW - Still in use today, Niagra Falls was the first hydropower site developed for a vast quantity of electricity

TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT 1) Water wheels 2) Hydro power plants 3) Wave energy from oceans 4) Tidal energy 5) Damless hydro power Based on Quantity of Water Available 1) Run-off river hydro plants with pond 2) Run-off river hydro plants with pond 3) Reservoir hydroelectric power plants

Based on the Head of Water Available 1) Low head hydroelectric power plants 2)Medium head hydroelectric power plants 3) High head hydroelectric power plants Based on the Nature of Load 1) Base load hydroelectric power plants 2) Peak load hydroelectric power plants

CHAPTER 2 WATER CYCLE Water cycle in nature: PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT WATER CYCLE The continuous cycle in which water changes from water vapor in the atmosphere to liquid water through condensation and precipitation and then back to water vapor through evaporation, transpiration, and respiration Water cycle in nature: Water surface evaporation Precipitation of clouds Collected back to the oceans VAPORATION  PRECIPITION  RAIN

Water cycle in the hydraulic power plant Water energies: Kinetic energy , Potential energy PROCESS / STAGES 1) Water in reservoir 2) Fall in turbine blade 3) Shaft rotation 4) Electric generation 5) Flow back of water

COMPONENT AND WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT 1) Dam What is dam Location Classification of dams Storage dams Dam structure and design Diversion dams Detention dams Overflow dams Rockfill dams Gravity dams Gravity dam

Storage dams Diversion dams Detention dams Overflow dams Rockfill dams To impound water Purpose - Irrigation - Flood control - Power generation Diversion dams For diversion To provide sufficient pressure Detention dams To Minimize the effect of sudden floods To trap sediment Overflow dams They carry water discharge over their crests Rockfill dams Rock instead of earth Embankment dams hold back water by the force of gravity acting upon their mass Gravity dams Most gravity dams are made from concrete, a mixture of port land cement, water, and aggregates They are much thicker at the base than the top

2) Water reservoir 3) Intake or control gates 4) The penstock Place behind the dam Height of water Potential energy 3) Intake or control gates Gates inside of the dam. Inlet gates 4) The penstock To carries the water Controlled by the control gates 5) Water turbines Convert HYDROLIC energy to MECHANICAL energy 6) Generators Convert MECHANICAL energy in ELECTRICAL energy

7) Transformer 8) Tailrace Converts the alternating current to high voltage current. Two coils: the supply coil and the outlet coil. Voltage required for various applications is 110V or 230V. Numbers of turns in outlet coil are double of supply coil, the voltage produced is also double. 8) Tailrace Pipeline to drain the water The potential energy of water in the tailrace has been used to generate electricity

CHAPTER 4 CASE STUDY OF “HIRAKUND DAM” INTRODUCTION Built Located across the Mahanadi river Located about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India. HISTORY Built in 1956 Length is about (26 km) It was the first major multipurpose river valley project started after India's independence.

As of 2001 India census Hirakund had a population of 26,397 Construction history Project was proposed by Sir M. Visveswararya Foundation stone was laid by sir HOWTHRONE LEWIS on 15 march 1946 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the first batch of concrete on 12 April 1948. The dam was completed in 1953 and was formally inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 January 1957 The total cost of the project was Rs. 100.02 crores (in 1957). Power generation along with agricultural irrigation started in 1956, achieving full potential in 1966 Geography Hirakund is located at 21°31′N 83°52′E21.52°N 83.87°E It has an average elevation of 160 meters (524 feet) Demographics As of 2001 India census Hirakund had a population of 26,397 Hirakund has an average literacy rate of 70% Power generation Nearly about 307 MW

People affected from the Dam Construction Structure The Hirakud Dam is a composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry Ten km north of Sambalpur, it is the longest major earthen dam in the world The main dam has an overall length of 4.8 km spanning between two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding 743 km² at full capacity, with a shoreline of over 640 km.. People affected from the Dam Construction Nearly 1.5 lakh people got affected by the Hirakud project.Nearly 22,000 family were displaced under the Hirakud dam project, an amount of Rs 12 crores was provided for payment of compensation to the affected people

CHAPTER 5 Details Total length of Dam : 15,748 Feet or 4800 Meter Concrete Dam : 3,937 Feet or 1200 Meter Earth Dam : 11,811 Feet or 3600 Meter Left Dyke : 32,274 Feet or 9837 Meter Right Dyke : 35,299 Feet or 10759 Meter Maximum Height of Masonary Dam :200 Feet or 61 Meter Maximum Height of Earth Dam :195 Feet or 59.5 Meter Catchment Area : 83,400 km² Total Power Capacity :275.5 MW

(a) Catchment - 83400 Sq. Kms (32200 sq miles) SALIENT FEATURES (A)            HYDROLOGICAL :- (a) Catchment - 83400 Sq. Kms (32200 sq miles) (b) Rain fall(mm) - Original Revised (B) DAM AND RESERVOIR Top dam level R.L 195.680M. (R.L.642 ft.) Dead storage level R.L 197.830 M (R.L 590 Ft) (c) SPILLWAY Spillway capacity 42450 cumecs (15 lakhs cusecs) Crest level - R.L. 185.928 M ( R.L. 610 ft.) (D) POWER GENERATION: Installed Capicity At Burla - 5 x 37.5                                                          -         2x24.0 = 235.50 MW  At Chiplima - 3x24 = 72.00 MW Total = 307.50 MW 

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CHAPTER 6 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT Advantages 1) No fuel required 2) Cost of electricity is constant 3) No air-pollution is created 4) Long life 5) Cost of generation of electricity 6) Can easily work during high peak daily loads 7) Irrigation of farms 8) Water sports and gardens 9) Prevents floods

DISADVANTAGES 1) Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems 2) Disruption in the surrounding areas 3) Requires large areas 4) Large scale human displacement 5) Very high capital cost or investment 6) High quality construction 7) Site specific 8) Effects on environment 9) Safety of the dams