Africa: What we know so far… The slave trade stopped because of the European Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution made trade in finished products and raw materials more profitable than trade in human beings, especially coal for transportation.

Africa: What we know so far… So, where were Europeans going to get all the raw materials they needed to make their finished products?

Africa: What we know so far… Why not just take the natural resources from Africa? Europeans then partitioned Africa based on their own needs. This caused ethnic conflicts, civil wars, and artificial political boundaries.

Africa: What we know so far… Africans desired independence from European colonial rule, why? Africans were viewed as second class citizens African lands were exploited for European profit African cultures were belittled

Indirect Rule Many European countries would have members of the local population to administrative tasks The Euro’s appointed local chiefs

After World War I and II World Wars I & II showed Africans: Fighting in the wars exposed many Africans to more of the world. Many Africans fought for European countries in WW II—Africans had issues with European nations because the were inconsistent and did not apply the lessons of WWII to their colonies. After the war, European countries were financially drained Africans thought that this was the perfect time to free themselves from European rule.

Pan-African Movement Began in the late 1800s as a philosophy emphasizing the common bond shared by people of African descent and advocating unity among African people. No matter where you lived, all people of African blood shared a bond.

Purpose For Africans to be united in mutual efforts Improve each other’s economies with trade End European control of the continent

Pan-Africanism/Pan-African Movement Africans were dreaming of freedom This growing ideal lead to the growing nationalism of Africans. In order to win independence from the colonial powers, African leaders encouraged the growth of nationalism.

Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism led to the formation of the African Union.

Independence and its Challenges Colonial rule caused problems for African countries after independence because African countries had little experience in governmental matters. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s first President, and MLK, Jr.

Independence and its Challenges There were different paths to independence. Ghana won its independence from Britain peacefully. Algeria, a former French colony, had to fight for its freedom. Ghana Algeria

Independent Africa Costs (Negatives) Benefits (Positives) Inexperienced leaders New interest in African cultures Military, dictatorships African writers won awards Civil wars, debt, drought, overuse of land, diseases African art, music, and movies became popular.