Geography

ATLAS Diagram Conceptual clarity

All PowerPoint Slides available at Mrunal.org/Download Study material ATLAS Book list Orient Longman Study publication – India and world Oxford publication Goh Cheng Leong Physical Geography – by Savinder singh India: comprehensive geography by D.R. Khullar All PowerPoint Slides available at Mrunal.org/Download

Schemes of the Geography Lectures Physical Geomorphology Climatology Oceanography Indian Human/ Economic World Asia Europe Americas Africa World Geography: Asia= China, Japan, South East Asia, West Asia Europe = UK, Russia, Germany-France, Eastern Europe North America = USA, Canada South America and Africa Schemes of the Geography Lectures

Meaning and span of Geography Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which means study of earth Geography can be divided into two parts: Physical geography and Human geography

Physical Human Two Parts of Geography Landforms Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Human Habitation Population Agriculture Industries- resources

Fundamentals of Geography Latitudes Longitudes Seasons on Earth Time-zones

latitudes Latitudes =angular distance of a place from the equator All latitudes are concentric circles They are called parallels as well  

Latitudes Largest latitude – equator Tropics – heat surplus Temperate, polar regions – heat deficit Responsible for pressure system and planetary wind system

Spherical Earth Tropical Zones Temperate Zones Earth is spherical - tropics - temperate zones

Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth

Summer and Winter Solstice

Question Q. Variations in length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to Earth’s rotation on its axis Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner Latitudinal position of the place Revolution of earth on a tilted axis UPSC Prelims 2013

Question UPSC Variations in length of daytime and night- time from season to season are due to Earth’s rotation on its axis Earth’s revolution around the sun in an elliptical manner Latitudinal position of the place Revolution of earth on a tilted axis Prelims 2013

Daylight Saving in Temperate regions

Longitudes Angular distance of a place from prime meridian Also called meridians 0 degree = Greenwich in UK 180 degree = International date line

International Date Line

Earth rotates 360 °s in 24 hours 360/24 = 15° 15° longitude = 1 hour

30th Dec Morning Alaska 31st Dec Morning Russia

International Date Line Moving East 1 DAY Gain Moving West 1 DAY Lost

Standard time 1) Every country selects its standard meridian. 2) Angular distance between standard meridian of a nation to Greenwich meridian time (GMT)

Indian Standard Time IST – 82.5 E Meridian IST - 5.5 hours ahead of GMT, so GMT+5.5

IST Chaibagaan time zone British launched Chaibagaan time (1 hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in Assam After independence – rejected 2007 DST study – rejected – admin challenges Jan 2014 CM of Assam – declare to apply Chaibagaan time

Russian Time Zones

Question Time zones If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 75 °E? Difference = 75 ° 15 ° => 1 hour 75 ° => 5 hours East (means add) 12 +5 = 5 pm

Question Time zones If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at 30 °W? Difference = 30 ° 15 ° => 1 hour 30 ° => 2 hours East (means minus) 12 - 2 = 10 am

Exercise UPSC Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what would be the local time at Shillong on 92 deg E Longitude? 9.38 am 10.38 am 10.22 am 9.22 am Ans. B) Prelims 1999

Exercise UPSC Q. Through which one of the following groups of countries does equator pass? Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia Venezuela, Ethiopia and Indonesia Prelims 2006

Q. Which of the following cities is nearest to the equator ? Colombo Exercise UPSC Q. Which of the following cities is nearest to the equator ? Colombo Jakarta Manila Singapore Prelims 2008

Exercise UPSC Q. Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line? Malacca Strait Bering strait Strait of Florida Strait of Gibraltar Prelims 2008

Malacca strait

Strait of Florida

Strait of Gibraltar

Exercise UPSC Q. Consider the following countries: Australia Namibia Brazil Chile Through which of the above does the Tropic of Capricorn pass? Prelims 2009

Exercise UPSC 1 only 2,3 and 4 1,2 and 3 1,2,3,4 Prelims 2009

Longitude Latitude Reason for Seasons on Earth Time zones