Cryptic or mystic? Glacial tree refugia in northern Europe

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Cryptic or mystic? Glacial tree refugia in northern Europe P.C. Tzedakis, B.C. Emerson, G.M. Hewitt Trends in Ecology & Evolution Volume 28, Issue 12, Pages 696-704 (December 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.001 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 European paleoenvironments during the Late Pleniglacial. Maximum extent of ice (white) [69,70] and continuous and discontinuous permafrost (large and small crosses, respectively) [46] is shown. Also shown is the distribution of macrofossil and pollen sites and inferred tree presence (Tables S1 and S2 and Figure S1 in the supplementary material online): boreal dwarf shrubs: Betula nana (dwarf birch) and Salix (willow); boreal and/or mountain conifers: Picea (spruce) and Larix (larch); boreal and/or mountain summergreen trees: Betula (birch), Populus (poplar), Salix, and Alnus (alder); Pinus (pine); Juniperus (juniper); temperate trees: deciduous and evergreen Quercus (oaks), Ulmus (elm), Corylus (hazel), Tilia (lime), Fraxinus (ash), Vitis (vine), Carpinus betulus (hornbeam), Ostrya (hop hornbeam), Castanea (sweet chestnut), Fagus (beech), Abies (fir), Cedrus (cedar), and Alnus; Mediterranean sclerophylls: Olea (olive), Phillyrea, and Pistacia (lentisc and terebinth). Question marks over vegetation symbols denote uncertainty (see footnotes in Table S2 in the supplementary material online). Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2013 28, 696-704DOI: (10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.001) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure I Climate changes and vegetation responses during the past 140000 years (kyr). (A) 21 June insolation 65°N [65]; (B) Sea-level reconstructions (light-blue line: [58]); dark-blue line: [59]; black squares: [62]; (C) atmospheric CO2 concentration in Antarctic ice cores [63]; (D) reconstructed δ18O composition of ice in Greenland synthetic (GLT-syn) record [66]; changes in arboreal pollen (AP) percentages in the Grande Pile record, Vosges Mountains, France [67]; changes in temperate (orange) and pioneer (Pinus, Betula, and Juniperus) pollen percentages in the Ioannina 284 record, northwest Greece [68]. Marine Isotopic Stages and Substages (MIS) are indicated. Also indicated are climato- and chronostratigraphic units: Penultimate Glacial (PG), Last Interglacial (LIG), Early Glacial (EG), Early Pleniglacial (EPG), Middle Pleniglacial (MPG), Late Pleniglacial (LPG), Lateglacial (LG), and Holocene (HOL). Heinrich Stadials 1 and 2 (HS1 and HS2) are shown by vertical bars and the Greenland Interstadial 3 (GIS3) is also shown. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2013 28, 696-704DOI: (10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.001) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions