Civil Rights Timeline 1865 – Post Civil Wart reconstruction begins; Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution outlaws slavery 1868 – Fourteenth Amendment defines African Americans as citizens, guaranteeing due process and equal protection under the laws 1870 – Fifteenth Amendment extends suffrage (the right to vote) to African American males

Civil Rights Timeline 1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson ruling institutionalizes racial segregation by allowing “separate but equal” facilities 1910s – “The Great Migration” 1917-1918 – US participates in WWI 1919 – “Red Summer” race riots break out 1920 – Nineteenth Amendment grants women the right to vote

The Emmett Till Story

“I was tired and sat in the first available seat.” Rosa was tired of the mistreatment, racism, segregation, and Jim Crow laws she and other African-Americans had endured for years as she sat looking out the window … December 1, 1955

“The only thing Rosa Parks thought about was the boy, Emmett Till.” The bus driver told her to move or I’ll call the police. She said “Call them”.

Emmett Till Emmett spent time begging his mother to let him go visit relatives in Mississippi. His mother finally relented and told him to “Be careful and bow to a white person and do it willingly.”

Emmett & Mom Emmett and Mamie Till

Reverend Moses Wright Moses, Emmett’s granduncle, was excited to have him come for a visit. On August 20, 1955, Emmett and his 17 year old cousin, Curtis, boarded a train bound for Money, Mississippi.

Bryant Grocery Where the “crime” took place. The store was owned by whites but serviced mostly black farmers and sharecroppers.

Carolyn Bryant When a group of black teenagers – Emmett included, arrived at the store, Emmett had been bragging about his experiences with girls in Chicago. Emmett then struck up a conversation with Carolyn Bryant.

What happened next? There have been many versions since the 50s. Some accounts say Emmett told Mrs. Bryant… “I’ve got something for you baby”. Others say he just uttered crude remarks. Carolyn testified at the trial that he said “What’s the matter baby, can’t you take it? You needn’t be afraid of me.” His friends pulled Emmett away from the store but he whistled as he left and say “Bye baby”.

What happened next? The others were now truly afraid. Having grown up in Mississippi they knew what constituted unacceptable behavior in race relations. A black youth making any type of sexual advances to a white woman was a blatant and dangerous violation of the unspoken code of the south. There could only be one punishment. - Death!

Tallahatchie River What happened that night? It is said that several men went out to find ‘that boy’. Rev. Moses said, “He was put in a pickup truck and driven off into the night” “A young white boy who was fishing found the body hung up on a snag in the river three days later.” The body was weighted down with a 80 pound fan. It was shot, one eye was hanging out of it’s socket, the neck broken, teeth knocked out, and barbed wire wrapped around the neck.

Emmett’s Funeral The coffin was intentionally left open, a decision made by Mamie Till who wanted the world to see what they had done to her son.

Courtroom Within two hours the all white jury came back with a verdict against the men who were on trial – “NOT GUILTY”

Fair Trial?

J.W. Milam (left) and Roy Bryant (right) and their wives celebrate the verdict of not guilty!                                              J.W. Milam (left), Roy Bryant and their wives exult in the verdict

Emmett’s Grave Marker

Mamie Till today

Today The case still is in the news. “The trial was a farce and nothing has been done since the 50s”, says the FBI Today the story has been made into a movie – “The story of Emmett Louis Till”. It tells of evidence never given at the trial.

Lynching v. Murder Lynching = community making communal decision to attack someone Murder = individual decision to attack someone

Jesse Washington 1916 Jesse Washington was a 17 year old boy in Waco, Texas accused of rape and murder of a white woman (Lucy Fryer) He was dragged out of the court by observers and lynched in front of Waco's city hall. Over 10,000 spectators, including city officials and police, gathered to watch the attack.

There was a celebratory atmosphere at the event, and many children attended during their lunch hour. He was tortured and burned, and then his body was paraded around the town. A professional photographer took pictures as the event unfolded, providing rare imagery of a lynching in progress. The pictures were printed and sold as postcards in Waco.

Aftermath of Washington’s Although the lynching was supported by many Waco residents, it was condemned by newspapers around the United States. The National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hired Elizabeth Freeman to investigate; she conducted a detailed probe in Waco, despite the reluctance of many residents to speak about the event. After receiving Freeman's report on the lynching, NAACP co-founder and editor W.E.B. Du Bois published an in-depth report featuring photographs of Washington's charred body in The Crisis, and the NAACP featured his death in their anti-lynching campaign. Even was nicknamed “Waco Horror”

Washington v. Till Cultural shift from 1916-1955 WWI - WWIII = Patriotic Rhetoric (it’s not American to do this) Global audience, global self consciousness (TV, photo, film) Rise of the media – visual media

Civil Rights Timeline Continued 1865 – Ki Klux Klan is formed in Pulaski, Tennessee Six Confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee created the original Ku Klux Klan on December 24, 1865, during the Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War.

Civil Rights Timeline Continued 1958 – Temple Bombing Atlanta, GA Fifty sticks of dynamite exploded at the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, Atlanta's oldest and most prominent synagogue, more commonly known as "the Temple” 1963 – Birmingham Bombing (16th Street Baptist Church) Was one of the deadliest acts of violence to take place during the Civil Rights movement and evoked criticism and outrage from around the world. A bomb exploded in the stairwell of Sixteenth Street Baptist Church killing four girls and injuring dozens of others in the assembly.