Do Now Presented By Mr. Winchell

The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900 Mr. Winchell APUSH Period 6

The West: Settlement of the Last Frontier Post Civil War movement to the West – the “Great American Desert” By 1900 Virtually no more frontier All buffalo herds had been wiped out 10 new western states carved out Native Americans even more displaced

The Mining Frontier California Gold Rush only beginning Gold in Colorado, Nevada, South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Arizona 1/3 miners = Chinese immigrants Nativisits resented competition Chinese Exclusion Act of 1862 Impact of mining Vast increase in the supply of silver Environmental scars Native Americans

Chinese Exclusion As the mines developed, mining companies employed experienced miners from Europe, Latin America and China. In many mining towns, half the population was foreign-born. About 1/3 of the western miners in the 1860’s were Chinese Immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition. In CA, hostility to foreigners took the form of a Miner’s Tax of $20 a month on all foreign-born miners, eventually forcing Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, prohibiting further immigration to the US by Chinese laborers.

The Cattle Frontier Wild herds of 5 million cattle roaming Texas Easy business to get into The railroad industry as a catalyst The Long Drive Abrupt end to the drives Arrival of homesteaders and use of barbed wire Overgrazing Blizzard of 1885-1886 Wealthy ranch owners take command

The Farming Frontier Joseph Glidden, 1874 Solutions Homestead Act of 1862 Offered 160 acres of public land For any family that settled on it for 5 years Encouraged families to move west Problems Extreme weather Plagues Lonesome life Drought Lack of wood for fencing  barbed wire Joseph Glidden, 1874 Solutions -Human shifting of nature (leads to Dust Bowl)

Turners Frontier Thesis 1890 – U.S. Census Bureau declares the “end of the frontier” Everything had been settled “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893) 1. promoted a habit of independence and individualism Broke down class distinctions Encouraged inventiveness and practicality Wastefulness of natural resources

So…what’s next?

Removal of Native Americans The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans Reservationist Policy President Andrew Jackson Removed Eastern Native Americans to Lands West of the Mississippi Broken as Transcontinental Railroad was Planned, Wagons increased, and Reservations were Increasingly Assigned Plains Tribes Refused to Cooperate Indian Wars Increased Migration of Miners, Cattlemen, and Homesteaders Fighting Broke Out Between Indians and U.S. Troops Sioux Wars Sand Creek, CO Little Big Horn Treaties Made and Broken Most of Buffalo Slaughtered

Removal of Native Americans The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Divided Tribal Lands into Plots of 160 Acres or Less per Family 25 Years or More Led to Citizenship Best Land Sold Disease and Poverty Ravaged Population Ghost Dance Final Effort to Drive Whites from Ancestral Lands U.S. Govt Suppressed Movement Wounded Knee Sitting Bull Assimilationists Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor Emphasized Education, Training and Conversion to Chritianity Carlisle School

Removal of Native Americans The West-Settlement of the Last Frontier Removal of Native Americans U.S. Policy in 20th Century 1924- Grated U.S. Citizenship to All Native Americans Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Promoted Reestablishment of Tribal Organization and Culture

The New South South was continuing to recover from the devastating Civil War Some had the vision of a self-sufficient Southern economy Henry Grady, a newspaper writer began to write articles for economic diversity, and laissez-faire capitalism

The New South: Economic Progress Economic improvement Birmingham, Alabama: Steel Memphis, Tennessee: Lumber Richmond, Virginia: Tobacco Railroads Tremendous postwar growth from1865-1900 in terms of population, industry, and railroads

The New South: Continued Poverty BUT…still primarily agricultural Controlled by the North economically 2 chief factors not related to northern capitalists South’s late start at industrialization Poorly educated workforce

The New South: Agriculture Between 1870 and 1900 – acres planted in cotton more than doubled BUT…increase in cotton supply means decease in cotton prices By 1900, ½ of white farmers + ¾ of black famers become tenants/sharecroppers Tied to debt Formation of the Farmers Southern Alliance

The New South: Segregation End of reconstruction = end of protection for freedman Discrimination and the Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens Plessy v. Ferguson “separate but equal accommodations”

The New South: Loss of Civil Rights Political and Legal devises Literacy Tests Poll Taxes Political party nominations for whites only Grandfather clause Economic discrimination

Responding to Segregation: Booker T. Washington

Responding to Segregation: W.E. Du Bois

Farm Problems: North, South, and West

Changes in Agriculture Increasingly commercialized and specialized Falling Prices Increased production + global competition Static money supply Debt and foreclosure Rising Costs Farmers victimized Corporations and monopolistic trusts Unfair taxes Railroad monopolies

Rising costs Monopolistic corporations kept prices high Middlemen took profit before selling to farmers Railroads, warehouses, and elevators charges high rates for transportation and storage Heavy taxes on property and land, but did not tax income from stocks and bonds Unfair tariffs

Price Indexes for Consumer & Farm Products: 1865-1913

Fighting Back National Grange Movement 1868, Oliver H. Kelley Primarily as social + educational organization for farmers By 1870, take political action By 1873, Granges in almost every state Established cooperatives Granger Laws

Interstate Commerce Act (1886) Required railroads rates to be reasonable and just Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices

Farmer’s Alliance Begun in the late 1880s Built upon the ashes of the Grange More political and less social than the Grange Ran candidates for office Controlled 8 state legislatures and had representatives in Congress during the 1890s