Jefferson as President Chapter 9, Section 1 and 2

Review Who was the 1st President? Who was the 2nd President? What were his characteristics? GEORGE WASHINGTON COURAGEOUS, HONEST, TRUSTWORTHY, STRONG Who was the 2nd President? What was his political party? JOHN ADAMS FEDERALIST Who was the 3rd President? What did he believe in? THOMAS JEFFERSON SMALL GOVERNMENT, COUNTRY OF FARMERS, SELF SUFFICIENT

Election of 1800 To insure a majority vote, originally the Electoral College would vote for two candidates for president. The Democratic-Republicans set up a plan to take advantage of this system.

Election of 1800 Each state that wanted to elect Thomas Jefferson as president, would also cast their vote with his running mate, Aaron Burr. The plan would give them a Democratic-Republican as President AND Vice President.

Election of 1800 Unfortunately, the election ended in a tie. Aaron Burr- 73 votes Thomas Jefferson- 73 votes In turn, the Federalists would get to select between the two nominees. This also lead to the 12th Amendment Sets up how presidents are elected today.

Election of 1800 With the help of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson is selected among the two. Hamilton despised Aaron Burr. So he convinced the Federalists to pick Jefferson. “I would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any.”

The Election of 1800 On March 4, 1801 Thomas Jefferson is sworn in as the third president of the United States. Aaron Burr becomes the new vice-president of the United States.

Hamilton and Burr Duel Fast Forward to 1804: Aaron Burr runs for governor of New York. Hamilton continues to slander Burr’s philosophy. Burr lost the election in 1804 and blamed Hamilton. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. In July 1804, Burr and Hamilton engage in a pistol duel. Aaron Burr shot Hamilton and he died the next day. Burr’s political career is ruined.

Thomas Jefferson Jefferson believed in reducing the power and size of the federal government. Jefferson’s ideas were strongly based on the French philosophy of laissez-faire which means “let it be.”

Jefferson’s Plans The strength of the nation was its independent farmers Expand the nation westward to acquire more land. The federal government should be kept small. Jefferson distrusted standing armies and wanted to reduce the size of the military.

Jefferson’s Cabinet and Expense Reduction For his secretary of state, Jefferson chose his friend James Madison. For his secretary of treasury he chose Albert Gallatin.

Jefferson’s Cabinet and Expense Reduction Jefferson hoped to reduce the national debt and hold true to his policies. Jefferson cut the military by 1/3 and reduced the navy from 25 battleships to 7 ships. This helped them significantly lower the national debt. Jefferson also persuaded Congress to repeal all federal internal taxes including the whiskey tax.

Judiciary Act of 1801 Jefferson’s first problem On his last day in office, John Adams appointed hundreds of Federalists to judiciary positions Allowed Federalists to control the court system. Jefferson claimed these appointments were invalid. Appointments could not take effect until the papers (commissions) were delivered. When Jefferson became president he told Madison not to deliver the appointments. These actions lead to Marbury v. Madison.

Marbury v. Madison The Supreme court decided that the Supreme Court had the right to overrule presidential actions. Chief justice John Marshall also set out three principles of judicial review.

Judicial Review 1.) The constitution is the supreme law of the land. 2.) When there is a conflict between the Constitution and any other law, the Constitution must be followed. 3.) The judicial branch has the duty to uphold the Constitution. It must be able to determine when a federal law conflicts with the Constitution. 4.) Adams appointment of judges was unconstitutional. 5.) The Supreme Court can overturn presidential actions that are deemed “unconstitutional”.

The Louisiana Purchase Many pioneers had the need and want to travel west. In 1800 the territory of the United States extended only as far west as the Mississippi River. Many Americans settled along the Mississippi River. This location allowed them to send their crops and goods down the river to New Orleans where they could be traded.

The Louisiana Purchase In 1802, Spain and France made a secret agreement that transferred the Louisiana Territory to France. Jefferson believed that the French were trying to build an empire in North America.

The Louisiana Purchase Due to a war with Britain in Europe and a slave revolution in Haiti, Napoleon was willing to cut ties with his “New World Empire”.

Toussaint L’ouverture (1743-1803) “I was born a slave, but nature gave me a soul of a free man….”

Toussaint L’ouverture Leader of the Haitian Revolution, which was the only successful slave revolution in history. L’ouverture defeated Napoleon, who many consider to be the greatest military strategist in history. The cost of the Haitian Revolution eventually forced the French to sell the Louisiana territory to America.

The Louisiana Purchase The United States and France agreed on the purchase price of $15 million. $0.03 an acre In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark Jefferson wanted to learn more about the mysterious lands west of the Mississippi River so he persuaded Congress to sponsor an expedition. Jefferson saw the expedition as: A scientific venture A chance to find a passage to the Pacific Ocean Plot sites for future forts. Create maps of the area.

Lewis and Clark To head the expedition, Jefferson chose his private secretary, 28 year old Meriwether Lewis. The expeditions co-leader was 32 year old William Clark.

Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark assembled a crew that included expert river men, gunsmiths, carpenters, scouts, a cook, two men of mixed Native American and French heritage (that served as interpreters), and an African American slave named York.

Lewis and Clark The expedition left St. Louis and slowly worked its way up the Missouri River. Both Lewis and Clark kept journals of what they saw and did. One young Shoshone woman named Sacagawea joined the group as a guide.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Lewis and Clark After more than 18 months and nearly 4,000 miles, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean. They faced many hardships Illness Hostile natives Lack of food The expedition returned in 1806, with only 1 person dead.

Lewis and Clark Results New information about Native American culture. A map showing a new route to the Pacific Ocean Knowledge about plants and animals in the west.