REPRODUCTION SEXUAL ASEXUAL Sex cells from a male and female parent will fuse. The organism inherits characteristics from both parents ASEXUAL One organism makes a copy (clone) of itself. The new organism will be genetically identical to the parent.

Sexual or Asexual?

Sexual reproduction A mobile male gamete (e.g. sperm) fusing with a stationary female gamete (e.g. egg)

Comparison between sex cells Sperm Egg (Ovum) Size Small Large Movement Can move by themselves Immobile Number Many Few Foodstore No Yes

Pollination POLLINATION When a pollen grain from an anther is transferred to a stigma Self pollination Pollen transferred to the stigma of the same flower. Cross pollination Pollen transferred to a different flower by an agent Insect pollination Wind pollination

Flower structure Wind pollinated Insect pollinated

Let’s look at this in more detail… Produces pollen Pollen lands here Attracts insects Where ova are made Produces nectar Protects the developing flower

Insect pollinated flower Wind pollinated flower Flower features Feature Insect pollinated flower Wind pollinated flower Appearance Large bright flowers with nectar and scent. Flower is small with no bright colour, scent or nectar Anthers Inside flower so when an insect enters pollen is brushed onto its body. Anthers hang out of flower so pollen is blown away Pollen grains Sticky and rough so they stay attached to the insect’s body Pollen grains light in weight and have smooth coat to be carried easily and not stick together. Amount of pollen Small amount of pollen produced as insects will land on other flowers so pollen will be transferred Large number of pollen grains produced as there is more chance of fertilisation. Stigma Sticky end will allow pollen grain to be attracted and will be transferred Stigma hang out of flower and have a structure which is feathery to trap pollen blowing past.

Advantages and Disadvantages of pollination methods WIND POLLINATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES No need to make petals or nectar which saves energy Less likely the pollen will meet a suitable stigma Large amount of pollen needed INSECT POLLINATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Very likely that an insect will pollinate a plant Little pollen needs to be made Petals have to be grown- uses energy and resources Nectar has to be made- uses energy and resources

Pollen Tube Formation Pollen Stigma Male Nucleus Style Pollen Tube Ovule Ovary Female nucleus

Pollen Stigma Style Pollen Tube Ovule Ovary Female nucleus

Pollen Stigma Male Nucleus Style Pollen Tube Ovule Ovary Female nucleus

Fertilisation Pollen Tube Female Nucleus Male Nucleus Ovule

Fertilisation Pollen Tube Ovule The gametes fuse together to form a Zygote

Fertilisation When the male gamete and the female gamete join together, a single cell is produced called a ZYGOTE This process is called FERTILSATION In plants, the flower is the site where all this takes place It is known as SEXUAL REPODUCTION as it involves male and female gametes

Structure of a seed The plumule 2. The plumule Develops into the first leaves and stem The radicle Develops into the first root The cotyledon A starch store to give the growing plant energy The testa Also called the seed coat, it protects the seed against infection by bacteria or fungi.

Seeds with ‘parachutes Seed dispersal Wind dispersal Seeds with ‘wings’ e.g. Sycamore Seeds with ‘parachutes e.g. Dandelion Animal dispersal Internal e.g. Strawberry External e.g. Burdock

Germination It is when the seed begins to grow To germinate the plant requires: Oxygen (respiration) Suitable temperature Water

Bibliography http://pixabay.com/en/spring-bee-fertilize-sexual-20019/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChlorophytumCapense.jpg#file By Jackhynes at en.wikipedia [Public domain or Public domain], from Wikimedia Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Mating_butterflies.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bryophyllum_daigremontianum_nahaufnahme2.jpg Brocken Inaglory [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Asexual_reproduction_of_sea_anemone.jpg Fertilisation See page for author [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg Accessed: 14th June 2013 Flower diagrams: Flowers.gif https://sites.google.com/site/internationalgcsebiology/reproduction-in-flowering-plants Accessed: 14th June 2014 Germination: Germination-dicot.jog http://bio1151b.nicerweb.net/Locked/media/ch38/38_10SeedGermination-dicot.jpg Accessed 14th June 2014 Sycamore: By lofaesofa (flickr.com) [CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Sycamore_Seeds_%28lofaesofa%29.jpg Accessed: 14th June 2014 Dandelion: By Alex Valavanis (Flickr) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Dandelion_seed_dispersal.jpg Accessed 14th June 2014 Burdock: By Zephyris (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Bur_Macro_BlackBg.jpg Accessed: 14th June 2014