Volume 52, Issue 4, Pages 1097-1105 (October 2007) Prostate Biopsies Guided by Three-Dimensional Real-Time (4-D) Transrectal Ultrasonography on a Phantom: Comparative Study versus Two-Dimensional Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Biopsies  Jean-Alexandre Long, Vincent Daanen, Alexandre Moreau-Gaudry, Jocelyne Troccaz, Jean-Jacques Rambeaud, Jean-Luc Descotes  European Urology  Volume 52, Issue 4, Pages 1097-1105 (October 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034 Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Candle gel prostate phantom. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Endorectal prostate biopsy phantom. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Visualisation of three biopsy trails in the same phantom. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Visualisation of a biopsy path in the reference volume. The green ball shows the entry point. The blue ball shows the target hit. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Superimposition of all biopsies in the template. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Summary methodology scheme. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Creation of ideal entry and target spheres for one biopsy. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Overlapping of two “biopsy cylinders.” European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Mean distances from entry and target zones in ideal protocol, in 2- and 4-dimensional modes. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Interaction curve between differences in accuracy in hitting target zone in 2- and 4-dimensional procedures by location on prostate. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Interaction curve between differences in accuracy at the entry zone in 2- and 4-dimensional procedures by prostate zone. European Urology 2007 52, 1097-1105DOI: (10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.034) Copyright © 2006 European Association of Urology Terms and Conditions