BIOENERGY WITH CO2 REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL - An approach to negative CO2 emissions in energy systems IEA Workshop Edinburgh, 12th November 2001 Kenneth Möllersten Royal Institute of Technology Sweden

Today’s presentation Basic concept Results from studied cases Ongoing research Policy-related issues

Conventional bioenergy products biofuels ashes (minerals) CO2

Bioenergy w CO2 removal and disposal energy products biofuels ashes (minerals) CO2 CO2 to underground storage

Principal methods for CO2 removal Energy conversion process CO2 removal Air Bio-fuel Flue gas Combustion Condenser O2 H2O products separation H2 or H2 and CO Gasification Air/O2 Biofuel CO shift (optional)

Specific CO2 emissions of power/CHP plants with CO2 removal (incl Specific CO2 emissions of power/CHP plants with CO2 removal (incl. compression to 100bar)

CO2 removal costs (incl. compression to 100bar) + around US$ 20-30 /t CO2 for transportation and disposal

CO2 consequences of alternative recovery boiler replacements in pulp mill

CO2 consequences of alternative recovery boiler replacements in pulp mill

Potential & cost-effectiveness of CO2 reductions in the Swedish pulp and paper sector (Marginal power from coal power plants) A: Electricity conservation B: Improved electrical efficiency in steam power systems C: BLIGCC D: BLIGCC with CCS E: Black liquor gasification with CCS, methanol production and CC F: Conversion of lime kiln to biofuels G: Cogeneration of wood-based methanol and heat in paper mills F 400 200 A B C Cost of CO2 Reduction (US$/t CO2) D E G 2 4 6 8 Capital valuation Industrial Societal Potential CO2 reduction (Mt CO2/y)

Ongoing research GTCC/ EvGT/ FC CO2 removal CO shift Black Liquor Gasifier CO shift CO2 removal GTCC/ EvGT/ FC EvGT raw gas heat power

Summary removal technologies & system considerations

Is CO2 from biomass tradable? Ways to certify emission reduction credits ‘reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources’, or ‘enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks’?

Implementing bioenergy w CO2 removal & disposal CO2 disposal schemes are being developed by companies from the fossil-fuel sector. Will they “welcome” disposal of CO2 from biomass? Disposal of CO2 from biomass may require cooperation CO2 disposal projects are large-scale Pulp & paper producers are increasing their focus on core competencies, and less resources are available for energy management Bioenergy producers are small and independent

Research and development Integration of biomass energy and fossil-fuel energy RD&D is required: Introduce biomass energy into CO2 removal and disposal RD&D Large-scale biomass energy applications with CO2 removal and disposal Identify opportunities for synergies and phasing in biomass in CO2 disposal schemes For example through: Co-firing coal and biomass w CO2 removal Introduction of biomass-based methane in natural gas networks