Daddy Issues: Paternal Effects on Phenotype Oliver J. Rando  Cell  Volume 151, Issue 4, Pages 702-708 (November 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.020 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Potential Mechanisms Underlying Paternal Environmental Effects on Offspring Phenotype In typical rodent models for paternal effects, male littermates are either split to control conditions or are subject to a variety of environmental conditions, including dietary alterations, social stresses, toxins, and so forth. After mating to control females, phenotypic alterations are often observed in offspring in these paradigms. Illustrated here are a number of candidate mechanisms underlying such paternal effects, including (1) alterations in the sperm epigenome, (2) effects of seminal fluid on offspring, and (3) so-called “cryptic maternal effects” in which females judge males and alter how they care for offspring accordingly. Cell 2012 151, 702-708DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.020) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions