Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading Plate Tectonics Theory

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Presentation transcript:

Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading Plate Tectonics Theory

Continental Drift Early evidences: Fit of continents Mountain ranges and rock sequences Unique organisms Glacial debris Present 200 million years ago

Continental glacier on Pangaea Current location of glacial debris

Rock Magnetism Wegener’s ideas put on shelf for a while New magnetism measurement techniques in mid-20th century Expected some wobble of magnetic pole

Compared magnetism on distant continents Compare rocks of same age on distant continents Found significant drift of pole Found more than one magnetic pole at same time? Confirmed that drift must be occurring

Another discovery from magnetism Reversals! No explanation, but real

To the seafloor……Ideas of Harry Hess Location of mid-ocean ridges, deep sea trenches age of seafloor

Hess’s ideas Took philosophical approach Explained age by production of new seafloor at ridges and destruction at trenches “Introduced” idea of convection in the mantle Called seafloor spreading

Hess’s vision Trench Ridge Trench

Seafloor spreading – version 2 Vine, Matthews, Morley Observed magnetic pattern on seafloor Finally noticed symmetry of pattern Testable prediction

Magnetic pattern from magnetometer Note symmetry about ridge; seafloor colored by artist

Formation of seafloor magnetic pattern

Another “view” of seafloor magnetic pattern

Other evidences of seafloor spreading Chains of islands and ages Development of types of coral reefs Satellite imagery

Chains of islands and their ages

Location of hot spots (mantle plumes)

Basic theory of plate tectonics Remember layering of earth Lithosphere broken into pieces called plates Plates move and interact at boundaries Find boundaries with earthquakes and topographic features

Earthquakes (about 10 years)

Plates (puzzle pieces)

Plate Boundaries Divergent : mid-ocean ridge Convergent: oceanic-continental oceanic-oceanic Transform faults: offsets in mid-ocean ridges

Divergent and transform boundaries

Convergent boundaries Oceanic-continental (top picture) Oceanic-oceanic (bottom picture)

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