Era of Reform Reforms included: Religious activism, Women’s rights, school reform and abolition: the movement to outlaw slavery

Societal Change -2nd Great Awakening -period of religious revival (gathering) after 1800 -fewer religious “pilgrims” -Charles Finney and tent meetings *Listeners shrieked, moaned and fainted. *preached people could improve themselves and society - New strong democratic impulse in the new churches, ALL people—black or white—belonged to the same God

Societal Change -Utopian Communities -communal societies based on everyone working together - To create a “Utopia” or perfect place -most did not work well - The Shakers = shared everything, did not believe in having children, refused to fight - 6,000 members -New Harmony -Oneida *How might changes in America (urbanization/industrialization) impact the desire for a utopian community?

Transcendentalism -belief in a simple lifestyle, finding truth in nature & personal emotion - Coined by Emerson -Walt Whitman - “Leaves of Grass” -Ralph Waldo Emerson -“Self-Reliance” - Most influential -Henry David Thoreau - “Civil Disobedience”= peaceful protest - Walden Pond, abandoned the public for 2 years. - Jailed for not paying taxes

-Ralph Waldo Emerson “Self-Reliance” -think for yourself -allow your ideas to evolve and change; self-reflect -trust yourself -do not depend on others/government; be self-reliant -do not let society determine your identity; be a strong individual -do not be a follower, but a free-thinker -Henry David Thoreau “Civil Disobedience” - "That government is best which governs least." -people should do what they think is right; not what laws/the majority say -people should refuse to follow unjust laws -people should work to eliminate evil from the world, yet they should not participate in such evil

Education -one room schools -few educated beyond age 10 -Horace Mann advocated public schools for everyone - Spent more $ on schools - trained teachers *“If we don’t prepare our children to become good citizens… if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down in destruction, as others have gone before” -Noah Webster development of an American dictionary

Institution Reform -Dorothea Dix - Horrified after seeing the conditions of those imprisoned and the mentally ill. - help for the mentally ill -helped to start several mental hospitals -prison reform -meant to rehabilitate “Don’t beat um, teach um!”

*You don’t have to write this stuff down, but it is interesting! Dietary Reform -the Health Food movement -cereals, vegetarianism, hydrotherapy -Sylvester Graham -Harvey Kellogg Health Reform -Louis Pasteur – “father of microbiology” -Joseph Lister – “father of antiseptic surgery”

American Writers– Celebrating America! -James Fenimore Cooper “Last of the Mohicans” -Nathaniel Hawthorne “Scarlet Letter” -Washington Irving “Sleepy Hollow” -Herman Melville “Moby Dick”

American Writers -Edgar Allan Poe “Raven” -Emily Dickinson reclusive poet -Hudson River School -landscape painters – glorify the American landscape -Alex de Tocqueville “Democracy in America” -a Frenchman who came to study American Democracy

Slavery has Doubled in America 1810 1830 Life under Slavery Slavery has Doubled in America 1810 1830 -Rural Slavery plantations field work house workers worked from dawn until dusk not only plantations but some small rural farmers owned slaves too. rural slavery= most slaves -urban slavery skilled labor more freedoms mining and lumber industries feed better, clothed better

Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” - newspaper - wanted immediate emancipation -David Walker freedom by force free black, advocated for AA to fight for their freedom -Frederick Douglas “North Star” –newspaper- guided runaway slaves to freedom

Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” -David Walker freedom by force -Frederick Douglas “North Star”

Abolitionists -those who opposed slavery -William Lloyd Garrison “The Liberator” -David Walker freedom by force -Frederick Douglas “North Star”

Rebellion -slaves turn to violent methods -Nat Turner, 1831 led a slave revolt - backfires -scared many slave holders in the south – didn’t trust slaves, certainly didn’t trust the idea of freeing slaves -led to greater control over slaves

Anti-slavery -emancipation – freedom -gradual (most) -immediate (small %) -religious reasons -moral wrong to have slaves -values of the Constitution -Free labor ideology – free labor leads to a more productive society -Some wanted to send the slaves back to Africa (Liberia – “Liberty”)

Pro-slavery -new fear of revolts (Esp. if blacks were educated and privileged- inspired to revolt) -black codes begin (Slave Codes) Free Blacks & Slaves could not vote, preach w/o slave owners present, assemble in public, testify in court, own property, or learn to read & write -religious support - Citing passages that counseled servants to obey their masters -”happy” plantation slave myth= plantation owners cared about their slaves & slaves were happier in the S Why would a poor white southerner who does not own slaves still support slavery?

What is the message here? What does the title imply?