Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter”

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear Power: “Too cheap to meter” Ready Kilowatt

Uranium production in the U.S.

What is “nuclear fission”? U-235 + 1 neutron = U-236 U-236 splits into: 2 neutrons + byproducts + ENERGY

Light Water Reactors Boiling Water Reactor

Light Water Reactors Pressurized Water Reactor

Heavy Water Reactor Nuclear fission reactors used in Canada use heavy water as the moderator in their reactors. Since the deuterium in heavy water is slightly more effective in slowing down the neutrons from the fission reactions, the uranium fuel needs no enrichment and can be used as mined. The Canadian style reactors are commonly called CANDU reactors.

Moderator = graphite blocks Problems: Instability of graphite Lack of containment at Chernobyl

Fast Breeder Reactors Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breed" more fuel from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes. The most common breeding reaction is that of plutonium-239 from non-fissionable uranium-238. The term "fast breeder" refers to the types of configurations which can actually produce more fissionable fuel than they use. France has made the largest implementation of breeder reactors with its large Super-Phenix reactor and an intermediate scale reactor (BN-600) on the Caspian Sea for electric power and desalinization.

Gas-Cooled Reactors: Pebble bed

World Nuclear Reactors

NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE 1946 Atomic Energy Act passed creating AEC 1957 Price Anderson Act passed 1960-80 Many US nuclear plants constructed 1970s: increasing anti-nuclear activism : Three Mile Island accident China syndrome 1986: Chernobyl

NUCLEAR POWER TIMELINE Since TMI decline of nuclear power in U.S.; cancellation of plants, etc. Business in rest of the world is mixed, at best. Politics: Seabrook / MUSE “prudency reviews” / TMI, Ginna Evacuation plans and licensing Decommissioning new designs Licensing Process: US Elsewhere

Radioactive Wastes Low-Level Waste (LLW) - includes radioactively contaminated protective clothing, tools, filters, rags, medical tubes, and many other items High-Level Waste (HLW)- "irradiated" or used nuclear reactor fuel; some fuel processing wastes Uranium Mill Tailings - the residues remaining after the processing of natural ore to extract uranium and thorium

Waste Disposal Low-level wastes: LLRWPA/compacts High level wastes: NWPA: Indiana case Yucca Mountain

High level Nuclear Waste (Dry Cask) Storage

High level Nuclear Waste (Wet) Storage (fuel rods)

Nuclear Waste (Wet) Storage

Conceptual diagram of the Yucca Mountain facility

Opposition to Yucca Mountain Disposal Site

What should be done with American high-level nuclear waste? Why? Nuclear power comprises roughly 15-20% of US (and worldwide) electric generation. How much should the U.S. rely on it in the future? Why?