OUR COUNTRY AS A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD CANADA’s GLOBAL ROLE OUR COUNTRY AS A CITIZEN OF THE WORLD

UNIT 4, PART 2 PART A – MULTIPLE CHOICE – 12 MARKS PART B – ALL ABOUT WATER – 15 MARKS PART C – FILL IN THE BLANKS – 18 MARKS TOTAL: 45

AGENDA • Managing global population • Demographic Transition Model • Global population & poverty • What is Canada’s role?

GLOBAL POPULATION AND POVERTY Using the Demographic Transition Model and it’s 4 Stages, the world’s countries can be divided into 3 groups: Group 1: Post-Transition (Stage 4) (Formerly “First World” or “Developed” Countries) Group 2: Late-Transition (Stage 3) (Formerly “Second World” or “Newly Industrialized” Countries) Group 3: Early-Late Transition (Early Stage 3/Late Stage 2) (Formerly “Third World” or “Undeveloped/Developing” Countries)

WORLD LIFE EXPECTANCY HEAT MAP (2008)

GLOBAL POPULATION AND POVERTY Group 1: Post-Transition (Stage 4) Countries Characteristics include : Low birth and death rates – natural increase rate is near or sometimes below zero. High standard of living. Low infant/child mortality rates, long life expectancy, good medical care. Governments are focused on economic growth and environmental sustainability. Examples: Canada, USA, United Kingdom, Sweden, Netherlands, Japan, Germany, etc.

GLOBAL POPULATION AND POVERTY Group 2: Late Transition (Stage 3) Countries Characteristics include : Making progress towards Stage 4. Death rates have dropped, and birth rates are nearing post-transition stage levels. Low infant/child mortality rates, long life expectancy, good medical care. Governments are usually focused on economic growth, infrastructure, and standard-of-living. Examples: Brazil, China, Turkey, Mexico, parts of Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Both images are of Malaysia.

GLOBAL POPULATION AND POVERTY Group 3: Early-Late Transition Countries (Early Stage 3 / Late Stage 2) Characteristics include: Countries with the greatest problems. Death rates have dropped, but birth rates remain quite high. Economic growth is used to support the growing population rather than improve overall standard of living, education, or infrastructure. This is called a demographic trap. Often have serious problems like war, drought, disease, or ineffective/corrupt governments. Many of these countries are considered to be fragile states. DEMOGRAPHIC TRAP When a population is so large that supporting requires sacrificing economic and social development. FRAGILE STATE An impoverished country with income levels that are so low that they are unable to respond to serious issues.

FRAGILE STATES INDEX HEAT MAP (2015) It is the fragile states (scoring 100+ in red) where much of Canada’s international humanitarian efforts are focused.

STAGE 2 EXAMPLES: MALAWI AND NIGER Malawi’s (below) economy has been improving in recent years, but high inflation and heavy reliance on donor financing are factors that hinder sustainable improvement to the country’s standards of living. Resource industries have been contributing to economic growth in recent years, but Niger continues to contend with political instability, institutional fragility and reliance on donor financing.

CANADA’s ROLE IN GLOBAL POVERTY There are two primary ways Canada is helping fragile states and issues of global poverty and population: Government Foreign Aid: ODA (“Official Development Assistance”) provided by Canada to poorer countries. NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations): private, not-for-profit organizations that work towards a social, environmental, or political goal.

CANADA’s ROLE IN GLOBAL POVERTY ODA is measured relative to a country’s population, or most often, it’s economy. In 2008, Canada passed the Official Development Assistance Accountability Act – a law that focused our foreign aid towards ending poverty in (mostly) fragile states. The United Nations encourages developed nations to donate 0.7% of their GNI or Gross National Income (incoming money before expenses) to developing nations. Unfortunately Canada has never come close to meeting this goal. CHECK OUT: http://www.justcausecanada.org

CANADA’s ROLE IN GLOBAL POVERTY Thus, the question is: What role should Canada take in reducing global poverty? Specifically: Do we do enough? If not, what more can we do and how?

EXAMINING CANADA’S ROLE FURTHER… READING: chapter 11, pages 245-249 RESPOND: questions 1 – 5 on page 249