Overview Classes of Navigation 12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Inertial Navigation Systems Multisensor Systems Limitations of Navigation Systems

Objectives Define the classes of navigation as provided in the FAA guidance Explain how the 12-Mile Limit of international waters affects the legalities of oceanic operations Identify the different types of navigation systems Identify the limitations of the different navigation systems

Classes of Navigation Q. A part 135 operator requests initial authorization to fly in the WATRS area directly from Atlanta, GA to Bermuda. Does this require Oceanic and Remote Continental (formerly Class II) approval? A. Yes. This type of operation is outside the Operational Service Volume (OSV) of Class I Navigational Aids (NAVAIDs) and requires Long-Range Navigation (LRN) equipment and authorization.

Classes of Navigation, cont. Class I Operating within the OSV of ICAO ground- based NAVAIDs AIM Fig 1-1-1 Standard High Altitude Service Volume

Classes of Navigation, cont. Oceanic and Remote Continental (formerly Class II) Operating outside the OSV of ICAO ground-based NAVAIDs LRNS

12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace US territorial waters extend from the shoreline to 12NM off the coast. 14 CFR 91.101 discusses rules for specific aircraft operating within the 12- Mile Limit. 14 CFR 91.1 and 91.703 discuss rules for operating beyond the 12- Mile Limit.

12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace, cont. ICAO SARPs apply outside the 12-Mile Limit. Each ICAO Member State asserts the extent of its territorial waters and sovereign airspace.

Extended Over Water 14 CFR Part 1 Definition – Operations at a horizontal distance greater than 50 NM from the nearest shoreline 14 CFR Part 91.509 – Survival Equipment required for flight overwater greater than 30 minutes flying time or 100 NM from the nearest shore OpSpec A013 - Limited Over-water Exemption – 162 NM from the nearest shore

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) There are two GNSS in operation: GPS is a U.S. GNSS constellation GLONASS is a Russian GNSS constellation

GNSS, cont. Two examples of other GNSS in development: Galileo is a European GNSS constellation with satellites declared operational in 2015 COMPASS is a Chinese GNSS constellation

GNSS, cont. Global Positioning System (GPS) Constellation of navigation satellites orbiting about 10,000 NM above the earth. Ground-based and space- based augmentation can improve accuracy and availability

GNSS, cont. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) and Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) This is the address for the FAA AC90-100A GPS RAIM Prediction website: http://sapt.faa.gov/ (directed at lower 48 states)

Inertial Navigation Inertial platform Inertial Reference System (IRS) Inertial Reference Unit (IRU)

Multisensor System Q. What is a mulitsensor system? A. A navigation system capable of integrating more than one approved navigation sensor into the aircraft’s position solution.

Multisensor System, cont. A multisensor system typically includes: VOR DME GNSS Inertial

GNSS Limitations Gaps in satellite coverage Degradation of signal Interference from both natural and man-made sources

Inertial Systems Limitations Latitude (high latitude airport) Environmental effects on alignment Cold weather High winds Cargo loading/unloading

Multisensor System Limitations FMS/FMC MEL Navigation Sensor MEL Example: MMEL for GVI

Review Classes of Navigation 12-Mile Limit and Sovereign Airspace Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Inertial Navigation Systems Multisensor Systems Limitations of Navigation Systems

Objectives Define the classes of navigation as provided in the FAA guidance Explain how the 12-Mile Limit of international waters affects the legalities of oceanic operations Identify the different types of navigation systems Identify the limitations of the different navigation systems