Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy

Anatomical position To avoid confusion among medical professional an anatomical position has been established. It is an erect stance with arms to the side palms facing forward and head forward.

Anatomical planes

Medical term for locations Anterior-refers to the front of the body Posterior refers to the back of the body

Medial and Lateral Medial-closer to the midline Lateral-away from the

Proximal *Towards an attachment Ex. Shoulder is proximal to the elbow Ex. Hip is proximal to the knee

Distal *Away from the attachment

Cranial/Superior Closer To the Head

Caudal/Inferior Closer to the feet Lower part of body

Movements Flexion( ) -bending of hinge joint Extension( / )-straightening of hinge joint

Abduction( Abd)-Away from the midline Adduction (Add)- toward the midline

Pronation(pron)- palm down for wrist Inward lean of forefoot for ankle

Supination(sup)-palm up for wrist Outward lean of forefoot for ankle

Inversion(Inv)-sole is inward Eversion(Ev)- sole is outward

Protraction (protract)-shoulders forward Retraction(retract-shoulders back

Internal rotation-(Int. R)rotating toward the body External rotation (Ext.R)-rotating away from the body

Circumduction(circum.) Happens at the ball and socket joint and encompasses several movements.

Plantarflexion(PF)-pointing ankle

Dorsiflexion(DF)-ankle up

Lateral flexion-to the side

Horizontal Abduction and Horizontal Adduction