The Enlightenment The Age of Reason

The Scientific Revolution Mid-1500’s-1600’s, scientists began questioning accepted beliefs often promoted by the church. This was very controversial. The scientific method was developed Great scientific men of the day: Copernicus, Galileo & Newton The questioning of accepted beliefs in science extended itself to other areas of life- government, religion & society

Scientific Revolution In 1632, Galileo Galilei used logic, reinforced with observation, to argue for Copernicus’ idea that the earth rotates on its axis around the sun. Forced to deny the theory and live on house arrest until his death.

The Enlightenment, mid-1700’s Questioning during the Scientific Revolution led many philosophers to begin questioning government Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Voltaire were great Enlightenment thinkers

Voltaire French philosopher Published more than 70 books on politics & philosophy Criticized the clergy, aristocrats (rich) & the government Fought for freedom of religion and speech Exiled/jailed many times for his ideas

Social Contract Thomas Hobbes John Locke Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property People form governments to protect natural rights Best government was one with limited power If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

Why it matters today The new beliefs on government are the foundation of many democracies around the world Scientific method and medical knowledge Inspired revolutionary movements Religious tolerance People began to question their beliefs on religion, government and society.

Spread of Enlightenment Paris Salons- social gatherings to discuss ideas Encyclopedia 1st published in 1751 Art & Literature Novels became popular Enlightened Monarchs

“Enlightened Monarchs” Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and practices Enlightened Monarchs Frederick II, Prussia Catherine the Great, Russia Maria Theresa, Austria Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Gustav III, Sweden Napoleon I, France