Ch. 10, Section 3: Unity and Sectionalism Main Idea: As the nation grew, differences in economic activities and needs increased sectionalism. Key Terms Sectionalism Internal Improvements American System Disarmament Demilitarize Court-Martial

The Era of Good Feelings Pgs. 321-322 James Monroe won the 1816 presidential election easily. He had been involved in national politics since the American Revolution.

Era of Good Feelings The Federalist Party was almost nonexistent, but its programs gained support. Political differences seemed to disappear during this Era of Good Feelings, and Monroe’s presidency also symbolized the era. No partisanship

Runnin’ Show He traveled around the nation as far south as Savannah and as far west as Detroit. In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but one electoral vote.

II. Sectionalism Grows pgs. 322-324 Regional differences soon surfaced, and the Era of Good Feelings disappeared. People felt a strong tie to the region in which they lived. This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a region.

Era of Good Feelings???? Differences arose over slavery and national policies. Slavery was opposed in the North and protected in the South. National policies-such as tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, or federal, state, and privately funded projects to develop the nation’s transportation system-were not accepted in all regions of the Union.

II. Sectionalism Grows cont. John Calhoun, a planter from South Carolina, was the spokesperson from the South. Early on he favored support for internal improvements, developing industries, and a national bank.

John Calhoun in 1820 Backed state sovereignty-the belief that states should have power over the federal gov’t Was against high tariffs. Said high tariffs raised the prices of manufactured goods planters could not produce themselves and tariffs protected unproductive corporations.

Sectionalism Grows Daniel Webster was first elected to Congress in 1812 to represent New Hampshire. In later years, he represented Massachusetts in the House and Senate. He began his career as a supporter of free trade and the shipping interests of New England.

Webster’s Cause In time he began to favor the Tariff of 1816 Protected American industries from foreign competition Formed policies that would strengthen the nation Help the North. He became known as a great orator when, as a senator, he spoke in defense of the nation.

II. Sectionalism Grows cont. Henry Clay of Kentucky, represented Western states Speaker of the House in 1811. A member of the group who negotiated the Treaty of Ghent to end the War of 1812. Clay became known as the national leader who tried to resolve sectional disputes and conflicts through compromise.

Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise-March 1820 tried to preserve the balance between the North and the South. The South wanted Missouri admitted as a slave state, and the North wanted Missouri to be a free state. Maine’s statehood was also discussed. The compromise stated that 1. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state 2. Maine, still part of Massachusetts, was to be admitted as a free state. 3. Slavery was to be banned in the remaining part of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36’30 N parallel.

III. The American System pgs. 324-325 A. Henry Clay proposed a program called the American System in 1824. He felt that all regions of the nation would benefit from his program: 1. a protective tariff 2. a program of internal improvements, especially building roads and canals to stimulate trade 3. a national bank to promote one national currency and to lend money to build industry

Tension grows Not everyone agreed. Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New England. The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see how they would benefit from the tariff or internal improvements. Congress adopted some internal improvements and created the controversial Second Bank of the United States.

III. The American System cont. C. The Supreme Court heard several cases that involved sectional and states’ rights issues. 1. McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 involved the issue of whether or not the state of Maryland had the right to impose a tax on the 2nd Bank of the U.S., a federal institution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland did not have the right to tax the Bank because it was a federal institution. The federal gov’t can coin money, but the Constitutional Convention voted against giving the federal gov’t the authority to charter corporations, including banks. 2. In the case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court said that states could not enact legislation that would interfere with congressional power over interstate commerce.

IV. Foreign Affairs pgs. 325-326 President Monroe signed two agreements to resolve long-standing disputes with Britain. The Rush-Bagot Treaty signed in 1817. It set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes. It also provided for the disarmament, or removal of weapons, along the border between British Canada and the U.S.

Foreign Affairs The second was the Convention of 1818 the official boundary of the Louisiana Territory was set at the 49th parallel and became a demilitarized zone one without armed forces. America also was given the right to settle in the Oregon Territory.

IV. Foreign Affairs cont. General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida in April 1818 and took control of two Spanish forts, he went beyond his orders to stop Seminole raids on American territory. The Spanish minister to the U.S., Luis de Onis, protested and Secretary of War John Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed, or arrested. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.

Spain and U.S Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819, Spain gave East Florida to the U.S. and gave up claims to West Florida. In return the U.S. gave up claims to Spanish Texas and agreed to pay $5 million that American citizens claimed Spain owed them for damages.

New Land The border between the U.S. and Spanish possessions in the Northwest was extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then west to the Pacific. The U.S. gained a large piece of territory on the Pacific northwest as a result of this treaty.

Latin American Republics Spain faced challenged within its empire in North America. In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico calling for racial equality and redistribution of land. The Spanish defeated his forces and executed him. In 1824 Mexico gained its independence but not the social or economic changes.

Liberation Simon Bolivar, the “Liberator,” led an independence movement in the northern region of South America. Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador won independence. Jose de San Martin led an independence movement in the southern region in which Chile and Peru won their independence.

V. Latin American Republics cont. C. By 1824 Spain liberated most of South America. What remained of the Spanish Empire consisted of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some Caribbean islands. D. The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823, served to protect North America from increased European involvement. It stated that the U.S. would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, but it would oppose any new ones. When the doctrine was issued, the U.S. did not have the military power to enforce it. However, it became and has remained an important part of American foreign policy.