Industrial Revolution Machines began to replace significantly human and animal power in the production and manufacturing of goods The use of the steam engine for producing textiles was the turning point Europe gradually transitioned from an agricultural and commercial society into a modern industrial society By mid 19th c – industrialism had spread across Europe The economic changes of the Industrial Revolution did more than any other movement to revolutionize life in Europe and the world

Roots of the Industrial Revolution Commercial Revolution (1500-1700) Rise of Capitalism Scientific Revolution Increase in Europe’s population Cottage Industry Commercial revolution brought great economic growth of Europe Exploration Capitalism increase in investments and ventures to make a profit The middle class came to provide the leadership needed for the economic revolution Scientific Revolution produced the first wave of mechanical inventions and technological advances Increase in population provided larger markets Cottage industry- rural industry was a major pillar of Europe’s growing economy in the 18th century

Proto-industrialization: Cottage Industry “putting-out system” A family enterprise Merchant-capitalist would provide raw materials (wool) to a rural family who produced a finished or semi-finished product Usually paid by the number of pieces produced Merchants would sell the finished product Wool cloth was the most important

Problems with the Cottage industry Constant disputes between cottagers and merchants Rural labor was unorganized and difficult for merchants to control Merchant-capitalists searched for more efficient methods of production  factories and the industrial revolution The cottage industry flourished in England Spinning and weaving woolen cloth was the most important The putting-out system in England spread to the Continent France and Germany

Proto-Industrialism Technology (prior to steam engine) 1733- John Kay- Flying Shuttle 1764- James Hargreaves- Spinning Jenny 1768- Richard Arkwright- water frame 1779- Samuel Crompton- spinning mule Flying Shuttle- enabled the weaver to throw shuttle back and forth between threads with one hand – cut manpower needs on looms in half- only one person needed to operate loom Spinning Jenny – mechanized the spinning wheel- hand operated and inexpensive Spinners now outpaced the weavers Water Frame- improved thread spinning – required water power Factories with as many as 1,000 workers Produced coarse, strong threat, used for spinning on jennies Spinning mule- combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame

Why did Industrialization begin in England? Had no impact on continental Europe until after the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815)

Economic and Social Factors Land and Geography Good supply of coal and iron Waterways Expanding role in the Atlantic economy Agricultural Revolution  vital to industrialization British population will double Large supplies of capital available due to over 2 centuries of profitable commercial activity Entrepreneurs Geographic isolation from the Continent offered protection and separation from many of the continental wars Foreign assistance not required b/c had resources Agri Rev Supply of cheap and abundant labor emerged as the enclosure movement forced many landless farmers to move to towns and cities The revolution made it possible for fewer farmers to feed larger numbers of people Population increased, more people free to work in factories, people were free to move around in search of employment

Economic and Social Factors Colonial Empire  access to raw materials and growing market for goods Role of government  sympathetic to industrial development Limited monarchy meant that government did not stifle the growth and expansion of the middle class as was the case in French and Russian societies Stable government was important Rise of the house of commons became an instrument of the middle class to gain government cooperation and secured middle class loyalty Not devastated by wars Parliamentary legislation favorable to industry – Lowes Act- limited liability for business owners

Growing demand of textiles= factory New inventions facilitate increased production Steam engine’s application to textile production was key! Metallurgical industries flourished as they provided the machinery By 1850- England produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth James Watt Cotton goods became much cheaper and were enjoyed by all classes

Steam Engines and Coal Use of coal to power steam engines Transition from wood-burning energy to coal- burning By 1850, England produced 2/3 of world’s coal Radical transformations in manufacturing and transportation The iron industry transformed Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen invented steam pump but inefficient James Watt invents and patented the first efficient steam engine

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Young Coal Miners

Transportation Revolution Made possible by steam power New canal systems Construction of hard surfaced roads 1807- Robert Fulton’s steamboat the Clermont Railroads By 1829- locomotive widely used in England World’s first important railroad Liverpool – Manchester railroad 1803 the first steam wagon used on the streets in London 1812 adapted for rails 1825, George Stephenson made railway locomotive commercially successful Railroad Greatly reduced the cost of shipping on land Resulted in growing markets to meet demand Facilitated growth of urban working class Other industries

The Impact of the Railroad

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Crystal Palace was built for an international exhibit. It was intended to signify Britain’s industrial, economic, and military power. Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display

Great Britain in 1850 Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth GNP rose from 1800-1850 350%

In pairs, create a graphic organizer that compares and contrasts the Industrial Revolutions in France and Prussia with the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. You can use the SPRITE method as a guide.

Answer the following short –answer question… Briefly analyze TWO reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. Briefly analyze ONE important similarity between industrialization of Great Britain and the industrialization of the continent. Briefly analyze ONE important difference between the industrialization of Great Britain and the industrialization of the continent. Industrialization in France- pg 527 German States pg 529