Mary Kratz, MT(ASCP) Internet2 Health Science Project Manager This is a general overview presentation about Internet2. Internet2 is a consortium, led by US universities, which is recreating the partnership among academia, industry and government that fostered today’s Internet in its infancy. 16 July 2002

People on the Internet Millions of People This chart shows the rapid rise in the number of people using the Internet. The projected figures are probably conservative. Source: Nua Internet Surveys 11/15/2018

Yesterday’s Internet Thousands of users Remote login, file transfer Interconnect mainframe computers Applications capitalize on underlying technology These are some important characteristics of the Internet during its pre-commercial development. 11/15/2018

Today’s Internet Millions of users Web, email, low-quality audio & video Interconnect personal computers and servers Applications adapt to underlying technology Since commercialization in 1994, key characteristics of the Internet have changed: the size of the network and the capacity applications require support beyond the original design parameters of the underlying technologies. 11/15/2018

Tomorrow’s Internet Billions of users and devices Convergence of today’s applications with multimedia (telephony, video-conference, HDTV) Interconnect personal computers, servers, and embedded computers New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges) Tomorrow’s Internet promises even more demands: many more users and even more demanding applications. New capabilities must be developed to realize the potential of tomorrow’s Internet. 11/15/2018

Why Internet2? The Internet was not designed for: Millions of users Congestion Multimedia Real time interaction But, only the Internet can: Accommodate explosive growth Enable convergence of information work, mass media, and human collaboration 11/15/2018

Today’s Internet Doesn’t Provide reliable end-to-end performance Encourage cooperation on new capabilities Allow testing of new technologies Support development of revolutionary applications Today’s Internet has serious shortcomings. Some of them are performance or technically related, which limit the kinds of applications and capabilities the Internet can support. Other limitations affect the ability to innovate new capabilities that would address some of the performance and technical limitations. 11/15/2018

Why University Leadership? The Internet came from the academic community Stanford -- the Internet protocols NSFNet -- the scaled-up Internet CERN -- the WWW protocols University of Illinois -- the Web browser Universities’ research and education mission require an advanced Internet and have demonstrated they can develop it 11/15/2018

Internet2 Mission Develop and deploy advanced network applications and technologies, accelerating the creation of tomorrow’s Internet. Enable new generation of applications Re-create leading edge R&E network capability Transfer technology and experience to the global production Internet This is the Internet2 mission. 11/15/2018

Internet2 Universities 195 University Members, May 2002 This is the latest map of Internet2 universities. Each Internet2 university commits to providing the high performance networking on their own campus, connecting to a high-performance backbone network, and supporting advanced applications development on their own campus. 11/15/2018

Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware Engineering Partnerships Advanced Applications These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on. 11/15/2018

Internet2 Network Infrastructure Backbones operate at 2.4 Gbps (OC48) capacity today GigaPoPs provide regional high-performance aggregation points Local campus networks provide 100 Mbps to the desktop This is a broad generalization of the Internet2 network infrastructure. 11/15/2018

Internet2 Backbone Networks This is an illustration of the (currently) two Internet2 backbone networks, the vBNS developed by MCI Worldcom and the National Science Foundation and Abilene, developed by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development, Qwest, Cisco and Indiana University. Donna Cox, Robert Patterson, NCSA 11/15/2018

Abilene 11/15/2018

Abilene Network Logical Map 11/15/2018

Download of “The Matrix” DVD (Comparison of the Internet2 Land Speed Record) 11/15/2018

Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware Engineering Partnerships Advanced Applications These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on. 11/15/2018

Middleware A layer of software between the network and the applications Authentication Identification Authorization Directories Security Middleware is a layer of software between the network and applicaitons 11/15/2018

Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware Engineering Partnerships Advanced Applications These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on. 11/15/2018

Engineering Working Groups http://www.internet2.edu/html/working-groups.html IPv6 Measurement Multicast Quality of Service Routing Security Topology These are some of the new network capabilities that advanced networks will need to implement and which the Internet2 community is working on. 11/15/2018

Internet Development Spiral Commercialization Privatization Today’s Internet This spiral represents one way of looking at the development of the Internet. As the Internet moved from a research project to a commercial service, a set of partnerships fostered its development. During this process, the Internet grew in a number of ways: size, complexity, bandwidth, etc. Internet2 is forming the partnerships needed for technologies in a second cycle of innovation make their way into the commercial Internet. Internet2 Research and Development Partnerships 11/15/2018 Source: Ivan Moura Campos

Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware Engineering Partnerships Advanced Applications These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on. 11/15/2018

Internet2 Partnerships Internet2 universities are recreating the partnerships that fostered the Internet in its infancy Industry Government International Partnerships are the foundation of how the Internet developed and they are also a part of the foundation of Internet2. 11/15/2018

Internet2 Corporate Partners This is the latest list of Internet2 Corporate Partners. Corporate partners have committed to providing over US$1million in support of collaborations with Internet2 universities. 11/15/2018

Additional Participation Over 60 Internet2 Corporate Members Over 30 Affiliate Members Over 30 International Partners There are also over a total of 70 corporate members (including corporate partners) in Internet2, and over 30 affiliate members. 11/15/2018

Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative NGI University-led Federal agency-led Developing education and research driven applications Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications Building out campus networks, gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop infrastructure Funding research testbeds and agency research networks Internet2 works closely with the federal agencies involved in the Next Generation Internet initiative. Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced research and education applications 11/15/2018

Technology Transfer Conduits Collaborating on advanced applications Deploying pre-commercial infrastructure and protocols Establishing expertise and human capital Large-scale proof of concept A primary goal of Internet2 is to ensure the rapid adoption of new capabilities in the global Internet. Internet2 Corporate Partners play an important role in ensuring these technologies are broadly deployed. The Internet2 community provides a way for new capabilities to be tested. Many of the students at universities take the experience and expertise they gain through their university’s participation in Internet2 with them when they move into the commercial world. 11/15/2018

International Partnerships Ensure global interoperability of the next generation of Internet technologies and applications Enable global collaboration in research and education providing/promoting the development of an advanced networking environment internationally Build effective partnerships in other countries with organizations of similar goals/objectives and similar constituencies Mechanism: Memoranda of Understanding 11/15/2018

International MoU Map Europe-Middle East Asia-Pacific Americas ARNES (Slovenia) BELNET (Belgium) CARNET (Croatia) CESnet (Czech Republic) DANTE (Europe) DFN-Verein (Germany) GIP RENATER (France) GRNET (Greece) HEAnet (Ireland) HUNGARNET (Hungary) INFN-GARR (Italy) Israel-IUCC (Israel) NORDUnet (Nordic Countries) POL-34 (Poland) RCCN (Portugal) RedIRIS (Spain) RESTENA (Luxembourg) Stichting SURF (Netherlands) SWITCH (Switzerland) TERENA (Europe) JISC, UKERNA (United Kingdom) Asia-Pacific AAIREP (Australia) APAN (Asia-Pacific) APAN-KR (Korea) APRU (Asia-Pacific) CERNET, CSTNET, NSFCNET (China) JAIRC (Japan) JUCC (Hong Kong) NECTEC / UNINET (Thailand) SingAREN (Singapore) TAnet2 (Taiwan) Americas CANARIE (Canada) CUDI (Mexico) CRNET2 (Costa Rica) REUNA (Chile) RETINA (Argentina) RNP2 (Brazil) SENACYT (Panama) 11/15/2018

Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware Engineering Advanced Applications Partnerships These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on. 11/15/2018

Advanced Application Attributes Interactive collaboration and instruction Real-time access to remote resources Large-scale, multi-site computation Distributed data storage and data mining Shared virtual reality Dynamic data visualization Any combination of the above 11/15/2018

Applications Domain Focus Areas Health Sciences Healthcare Life Science Arts and Humanities “Science” and “Technology” High Energy and Nuclear Physics Working Group Astronomy 11/15/2018

“The value of a network goes up as the square of the number of users.” Metcalf’s Law “The value of a network goes up as the square of the number of users.” Physical Network People Networks Connect you with technology resources Research partnerships Lessons learned from projects Watch for trends What Internet2 does not do Run your project Lay wires, write code, etc. 11/15/2018

Support of Community through Knowledge Sharing Internet2 acts as a clearinghouse to help distribute information Technical meetings Virtual presentations Development of demonstrations and tools Cooperate on standards to maintain global interoperability Technical Support Software tools (monitoring, diagnostic) Loaner hardware (Vbrick, Cakebox, Access Grid) Access to expertise (working groups) 11/15/2018

Healthcare in the Information Age

The Scope of the Internet2 Health Science Workgroup includes clinical practice, medical and related biological research, education, and medical awareness in the Public. Enigma Machine and Bombe Armed forces have always been dependent on communications. During World War II, the German Army and Navy tried to keep their communications secret by using encryption devices called Enigma machines. These sophisticated coding devices could generate over 1 trillion different coding patterns. The Germans believed they were too sophisticated for Allied forces to break them. But in one of the best-kept secrets of the war, first the Poles, and later the British and Americans succeeded in deciphering messages. The wooden device in the foreground is a 4 rotor German Enigma machine, used for encoding. The large machine in the background is a "Bombe," used for breaking the code. Working out the details of codebreaking machines was one of the developments that fostered electronic computers. Smithsonian Photo by Laurie Minor-Penland. 16 July 2002

Internet2 Member Universities 195 University Members , May 2002 130 internet2 member universities have medical colleges (AAMC members) Strong leadership teams Health care Life Sciences Affiliate members NIH FDA NIST Hawaii OHSU UMich UIC NLM Stanford UCSD Bradley UMs UTenn TAMU UAB 11/15/2018

Roadmap Networking Health: Prescriptions for the Internet National Research Council Report Current and future Internet Released 24 February 2000 National Academy Press ISBN 0-309-06843-6 11/15/2018

Health Science Activities Medical Middleware Working Group MeduPerson Security Working Group HIPAA Guidelines Authorization/Credentialling Veterinary Medical Working Group Virtual Grand Rounds Collaborations Visible Human Project Collaboratory Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) International Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology (SICOT) Clinical Trials Research Network Resource Centers for Minority Institutions (NCRR NIH) Virtual Tumor Board 11/15/2018

Security and Privacy Guidelines Htttp://www.amc-hipaa.org 11/15/2018

Distributed Medical Informatics Education Oregon Health & Science University and the University of Pittsburgh Covers a broad range of fields including electronic medical records and information retrieval Distance learning provides students with access to faculty, expertise, and other students Medical informatics is a broad field spanning electronic medical records, telemedicine, information retrieval, image processing and analysis, bioinformatics, and evaluation methodologies. Using Internet2 high-speed networking and distance learning modalities, students in the informatics programs within Oregon Health & Science University and the University of Pittsburgh have access to a broader range of faculty, areas of subject expertise, and other students with whom to collaborate. http://www.ohsu.edu/bicc-informatics/ http://www.cbmi.upmc.edu/ 11/15/2018

Remote Instrumentation Phillips XL30 Scanning Electron Microscope Remote operation and Resource sharing Now accessible to a larger audience New teaching and learning techniques are possible 11/15/2018

Anatomy and Surgery Workbench and Local NGI Testbed Network Stanford University School of Medicine Allows students to learn anatomy and practice surgery techniques using 3-D workstations Network testbed evaluates the effectiveness of workbench applications SUMMIT’s Next Generation Internet (NGI) testbed network within the Stanford School of Medicine evaluates the effectiveness of the Anatomy and Surgery Workbench applications. The testbed network links selected classrooms, labs, clinical departments, and the medical library using a high-speed gigabit Ethernet backbone. The new 3-D Learning Space and connected classrooms allow students to learn anatomy and basic surgical skills through the use of 3-D workstations, haptic (touch sensitive) devices, stereoscopic displays, distributed rich media databases, and application program servers. Both applications support synchronous collaboration through a shared virtual workspace and will use haptic feedback to augment the visual sense. This technology permits the definition of new curricular elements including the repeated dissection of anatomical structures, visual segmentation of raw data sets, creation of 3-D organ models, and the practice of fundamental surgical maneuvers. The capabilities of Internet2 high-performance networks and use of a distributed client-server system allow teachers and users to share online, image-rich data, and professional experiences. http://haiti.stanford.edu/~ngi/final/ 11/15/2018

http://birn. ncrr. nih. gov/and http://www. nbirn http://birn.ncrr.nih.gov/and http://www.nbirn.net/ Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) 11/15/2018

Molecular Interactive Collaborative Environment (MICE) http://mice Real-time interactive 3D environment Multiple users at different physical locations interact via the network Collaboratively examine and manipulate a shared 3D macromolecule 11/15/2018

Virtual Tumor Board 11/15/2018

Virtual Laboratories Space Physics & Aeronomy Research Collaboratory (SPARC) University of Michigan NSF Here are pictures of various applications already in use: 1) the Upper Atmosphere research Collaboratory (UARC) developed at the University of Michigan--allows researchers access to data from instruments in Greenland w/o having to travel there, and allows them to discuss and interact in real time. This applications allows access to broader audience, including the second-order affect of enabling graduate students (who would never have been able to go to Greenland) to look in on research. 2&3) Pictures of a the output from a scanning electron microscope--allows access to expensive, specialized equipment by students--allows them to control in the microscope and see the output as if they were in the same room --These both require advanced network capabilities to work--either don’t work, or won’t work well on today’s internet. 11/15/2018

Images courtesy Univ. of Illinois-Chicago Tele-immersion Shared virtual reality University of Illinois at Chicago Virtual Temporal Bone This is a program that allows a doctor to share a 3-D image of a complex piece of anatomy (the inner ear) with students in a way that makes teaching the anatomy much easier. By making this interactive capability available over the network, a doctor can teach students remotely. Images courtesy Univ. of Illinois-Chicago 11/15/2018

Tele-cubicles and the CAVE Tele-cubicles and CAVEs are different interfaces used for some advanced applications. Immersion in a virtual world, or interaction among people using these interfaces allows people to interact with applications in new ways. The requirements of network applications using these kinds of displays generally require advanced networking. 11/15/2018 Source: University of Illinois-Chicago

Unanticipated Innovation Lesson of the Web Network growth and value are non-linear New technologies enable qualitatively different uses Users become innovators 11/15/2018

Challenges to Health Sciences "The medical research revolution is happening!  90% of data collected today will never be seen by a human eye.  This is everyone's problem. We must manage a growing amount of data to secure knowledge for the future." - Michael Marron, NIH 11/15/2018

The BIG Picture   http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Pubs/NASnews/97/09/ipg_fig1.html 11/15/2018

NCHS Goals Timeliness Provide content Data acquisition Data access Provide content Survey mechanism Increase quality and completeness of data 11/15/2018

More Internet2 Information On the Web www.internet2.edu www.internet2.edu/health Email Mkratz@internet2.edu info@internet2.edu Health@internet2.edu For more information about Internet2, please see these web sites, or contact info@internet2.edu directly by email. 11/15/2018

www.internet2.edu