Chap 13: DNA - Genetic Material

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Chap 13: DNA - Genetic Material

13.1 – THE GENETIC MATERIAL Finding the molecule…..the material must be… Able to store information that pertains to the development, structure and metabolic activities of the cell Stable so that it can be replicated Able to undergo changes (mutations)

1869 – Discovering Nucleic Acids Swiss Physician, Johannes Friedrich Miescher isolated the chemical he called “nuclein” from the nuclei of pus cells Now called nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

NUCLEOTIDES (found in nuclein) Contain a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

THE BIG QUESTION Is it nucleic acids that contain the genetic code or is it proteins? Proteins contain 20 amino acids that can be organized in countless ways to determine traits Nucleic acids only contained 4 different nucleotides

TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA Frederick Griffith attempted to find a vaccine against pneumococcus He found that one type of bacteria could turn into another

Figure 13.1a

Figure 13.1b

Figure 13.1c

Figure 13.1d

DNA WAS DETERMINED TO BE THE TRANSFORMING SUBSTANCE Conclusions:   Conclusions: DNA from S strain bacteria causes R strain to be transformed Enzymes that degrade proteins will not stop the transformation Enzymes that degrade DNA does stop the transformation Transformation Animation Activity

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase Experiments

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.2a

Figure 13.2b

Bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria Consist of a protein capsid And a core of DNA (or RNA) Experiments used radioactive sulfur to tag the protein And radioactive phosphorous to tag the DNA The goal was to see which substance (protein or DNA) moved into the infected cell

Conclusion: The radioactive tag on the DNA went into the bacteria Figure 13.3a Conclusion:  The radioactive tag on the DNA went into the bacteria

Animation of the Hershey and Chase Experiment Figure 13.3b Conclusion:  The radioactive tag on the protein did not go into the bacteria Animation of the Hershey and Chase Experiment

THE RACE IS ON! Who will be the first to discover the structure of DNA?

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